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东亚人种

维基百科,自由的百科全书

东亚人种,是主要分布于包括东亚多个国家境内的多个族群的统称。现代东亚人、东南亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先通过“南路散布”途径南亚进入东南亚大陆,大约在公元前 45,000 年前定居在东亚。截至2020年,东亚地区的总人口为16.77亿,占世界人口的21%。[1]

分布

人种与民族的含义与范围各有异同。民族主要基于族群的文化认同,而种族主要基于人类的生物学基础。在历史发展过程中,由于文化融合等因素可以使得民族发生变化,同样种族由于族群的融合等因素,作为遗传特征会被保留下来,进而成为研究族群迁移及融合的依据。

东亚人种主要分布于东亚东南亚北亚地区,汉族壮族傣族京族苗族朝鲜民族大和民族阿伊努族白族回族满族蒙古族蒙古语族群尼夫赫人羌族琉球族藏族以及雅库特人都是东亚人。[2][3][4][5][6]东南亚人和西伯利亚人与东亚人关系密切,与美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的东亚语系是汉藏语系、日语系、阿伊努语系、蒙古语系、通古斯语系、苗族语系、侗台语系、南岛语系和南亚语系。

历史和遗传起源

东欧亚系统发育:根据目前的推测,东亚人的直接祖先的 ESEA 血统起源于东南亚大陆和中国南部,并向外扩展[7]
来自欧亚人群的古代和现代个体的主成分分析[8]

在智人在世界上定居的过程中,大约在 50,000 年前(50 kya)到达了东亚。 早期的“走出非洲”血统(70 kya)在西南亚某处以大约 50 kya 的距离分化为可识别的东亚和西欧亚血统。 早期的东亚人使用一条穿过印度的南方路线进入东南亚。 这个早期的东亚血统在末次盛冰期进一步分化,从东亚大陆传出,通过白令陆路约 25 kya 对美洲人口做出了重大贡献。 早期东亚人群可能在大约 35,000 年前的中国某个地方已经初步形成。[9][10][11][12][13]

从 Y-DNA 研究来看,东欧亚父系血统似乎在大约 50,000 年前从一个单一来源的人群在亚洲扩展,该人群带有父系遗传C、D 和 K(N、O、P、M 和 S),但这群人同时也是北欧亚人与大洋洲相关人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他们穿越喜马拉雅山脉,前往东南亚[14]


根据目前流行的假说,一个独特的“基础东亚人口”(称为“东亚和东南亚血统”(简称:“ESEA”);是现代东亚人、东南亚矮黑人、东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先), 起源于东南亚大陆(约公元前 45,000 年),并通过多次向南和向北的移民浪潮扩张。 这种“ESEA 血统”也是东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)狩猎采集者和中国北方发现的天元血统(~40,000BCe)的祖先。“ESEA”血统来自更广泛的“东欧亚”人群,它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (“AASI”) 和澳大利亚人 (“AA”) 的祖先。但值得注意的是,东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)不是现代东南亚人的主要祖先来源,现代东南亚人来自更晚近的东亚人群。[15]

K6 人类遗传祖先常染色体分析,显示出东亚-东南亚内部遗传组成更接近,与美洲原住民、安达曼矮黑人、南亚人有较大的差异。[16]

中南大学最近的研究(2019年和2020年)揭示了表征东亚人的独特基因和DNA谱系。东亚人可以与欧洲人和非洲人区分开来[17][18]

最新的遗传学研究,认为智人在出非洲后,首先在距今四万到五万年前,分化为西欧亚人英语Ancient West Eurasians(West Eurasian)与东欧亚人英语Ancient Eest Eurasians(East Eurasian)两个人群,东欧亚人之后又在分化成东亚人(East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群绳纹人等人群。之后东亚人在约距今两万年前,又在分化成了北东亚人英语Ancient Northern East Asian(Northern East Asian)与南东亚人(Southern East Asian),北东亚人是新石器黄河农夫、古东北亚人与新西伯利亚人的主要基因来源,而南东亚人是新石器长江农夫与现代东南亚人的主要基因来源。现代中国人是在距今万年以内,由北东亚人与南东亚人混合而形成的。[19] [20][21][22]

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参见

  • 汉民族的起源与形成—体质人类学的新视角
  • 刘海萍,云南蒙古族体质特征与群体遗传学特性研究
  • 埃里克斯·瑞里 (Alex Riley),西藏人如何在“世界屋脊”生存