东亚人种
东亚人种,是主要分布于包括东亚多个国家境内的多个族群的统称。现代东亚人、东南亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先通过“南路散布”途径南亚进入东南亚大陆,大约在公元前 45,000 年前定居在东亚。截至2020年,东亚地区的总人口为16.77亿,占世界人口的21%。[1]
分布
人种与民族的含义与范围各有异同。民族主要基于族群的文化认同,而种族主要基于人类的生物学基础。在历史发展过程中,由于文化融合等因素可以使得民族发生变化,同样种族由于族群的融合等因素,作为遗传特征会被保留下来,进而成为研究族群迁移及融合的依据。
东亚人种主要分布于东亚、东南亚、北亚地区,汉族、壮族、傣族、京族、苗族、朝鲜民族、大和民族、阿伊努族、白族、回族、满族、蒙古族、蒙古语族群、尼夫赫人、羌族、琉球族、藏族以及雅库特人都是东亚人。[2][3][4][5][6]东南亚人和西伯利亚人与东亚人关系密切,与美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的东亚语系是汉藏语系、日语系、阿伊努语系、蒙古语系、通古斯语系、苗族语系、侗台语系、南岛语系和南亚语系。
历史和遗传起源
在智人在世界上定居的过程中,大约在 50,000 年前(50 kya)到达了东亚。 早期的“走出非洲”血统(70 kya)在西南亚某处以大约 50 kya 的距离分化为可识别的东亚和西欧亚血统。 早期的东亚人使用一条穿过印度的南方路线进入东南亚。 这个早期的东亚血统在末次盛冰期进一步分化,从东亚大陆传出,通过白令陆路约 25 kya 对美洲人口做出了重大贡献。 早期东亚人群可能在大约 35,000 年前的中国某个地方已经初步形成。[9][10][11][12][13]。
从 Y-DNA 研究来看,东欧亚父系血统似乎在大约 50,000 年前从一个单一来源的人群在亚洲扩展,该人群带有父系遗传C、D 和 K(N、O、P、M 和 S),但这群人同时也是北欧亚人与大洋洲相关人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他们穿越喜马拉雅山脉,前往东南亚[14]。
根据目前流行的假说,一个独特的“基础东亚人口”(称为“东亚和东南亚血统”(简称:“ESEA”);是现代东亚人、东南亚矮黑人、东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先), 起源于东南亚大陆(约公元前 45,000 年),并通过多次向南和向北的移民浪潮扩张。 这种“ESEA 血统”也是东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)狩猎采集者和中国北方发现的天元血统(~40,000BCe)的祖先。“ESEA”血统来自更广泛的“东欧亚”人群,它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (“AASI”) 和澳大利亚人 (“AA”) 的祖先。但值得注意的是,东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)不是现代东南亚人的主要祖先来源,现代东南亚人来自更晚近的东亚人群。[15]。
中南大学最近的研究(2019年和2020年)揭示了表征东亚人的独特基因和DNA谱系。东亚人可以与欧洲人和非洲人区分开来[17][18]。
最新的遗传学研究,认为智人在出非洲后,首先在距今四万到五万年前,分化为西欧亚人(West Eurasian)与东欧亚人(East Eurasian)两个人群,东欧亚人之后又在分化成东亚人(East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群、绳纹人等人群。之后东亚人在约距今两万年前,又在分化成了北东亚人(Northern East Asian)与南东亚人(Southern East Asian),北东亚人是新石器黄河农夫、古东北亚人与新西伯利亚人的主要基因来源,而南东亚人是新石器长江农夫与现代东南亚人的主要基因来源。现代中国人是在距今万年以内,由北东亚人与南东亚人混合而形成的。[19] [20][21][22]
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参见
- 汉民族的起源与形成—体质人类学的新视角
- 刘海萍,云南蒙古族体质特征与群体遗传学特性研究
- 埃里克斯·瑞里 (Alex Riley),西藏人如何在“世界屋脊”生存