护士排班问题
护士排班问题(英语:nurse rostering problem,NRP)也被称为护士调度问题(英语:nurse scheduling problem,NSP),是为运筹学领域的问题,旨在为医院护理人员找到最佳排班方式。此类问题通常具有一组必须要遵守的硬性约束条件,以及一组弹性约束条件,旨在确保排班的质量。[1]此类调度问题也可以用于研究其他类别的调度问题。[2][3]
尽管早在20世纪50年代人们就开始借助电脑来给护士排班[4],但现今的护士排班问题是在1976年两份同期出版的期刊中所提出的。[5][6]显而易见的是,此类问题为NP困难问题。[1]
问题描述
护士排班问题涉及护士轮班以及假期的分配,每个护士都有自己的需求和条件,医院亦是如此。因此需要排出一个轮班表,既能保障护士的权益,又能符合医院的需要。在传统的护士排班问题上,分为早班、夜班以及深夜班。[1]
约束条件
此类问题的约束条件分为两类,其中一类为硬性约束条件,一旦排定的轮班表违反了这些条件,其结果便完全不能采用。另一种条件是弹性条件,最好满足,但即使不满足也不是问题。硬性约束通常包括轮班规范(例如时间段要求)、每个护士每天的工作时间不得超过一个轮班,以及所有患者都应享受到医疗服务。[1]而不同护士之间的资历差异也有可能构成硬性约束条件。[7]弹性约束条件可能包括一周内分配给特定护士的最少和最大轮班数、每周工作时间、连续工作天数、连续休息天数等。[1]个别护士的轮班偏好可以成为弹性约束条件[8],但也有可能成为硬性约束条件。[9]
求解方式
此类问题的求解运用了多种求解方式,包括数学上精确的求解方案[10]和使用分解方法的各种启发式算法、并行计算[10][11]、随机优化[1]、遗传算法[8]、蚁群算法[8]、模拟退火[8]、量子退火[12]、禁忌搜索[8]以及坐标下降法。[11][13]
伯克等人于2004年总结了护士排班问题的学术研究现状,其中包括对当时已发表的各种解决方案进行了简要介绍。[14]
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Solos, Ioannis; Tassopoulos, Ioannis; Beligiannis, Grigorios. A Generic Two-Phase Stochastic Variable Neighborhood Approach for Effectively Solving the Nurse Rostering Problem. Algorithms. 2013-05-21, 6 (2): 278–308. doi:10.3390/a6020278 .
- ^ Aickelin, Uwe; Dowsland, Kathryn A. An Indirect Genetic Algorithm for a Nurse Scheduling Problem. Computers & Operations Research. 2004, 31 (5): 761–778. S2CID 8772185. arXiv:0803.2969 . doi:10.1016/s0305-0548(03)00034-0.
- ^ Beddoe, Gareth; Petrovic, Sanja. A novel approach to finding feasible solutions to personnel rostering problems (PDF). Savannah, Georgia: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Production and Operation Management Society: 1–13. 2003 [2014-03-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-29).
- ^ Bailey, Norman T. J. Statistics in Hospital Planning and Design. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics (Oxford University Press). 1956, 5 (3): 146–157 [2023-12-14]. doi:10.2307/2985416. (原始内容存档于2023-12-14).
- ^ Miller, Holmes E.; Pierskalla, William P.; Rath, Gustave J. Nurse Scheduling Using Mathematical Programming. Operations Research (INFORMS). 1976, 24 (5): 857–870 [2023-12-14]. doi:10.1287/opre.24.5.857. (原始内容存档于2023-12-14).
- ^ Warner, D. Michael. Scheduling Nursing Personnel According to Nursing Preference: A Mathematical Programming Approach. Operations Research (INFORMS). 1976, 24 (5): 842–856 [2023-12-14]. doi:10.1287/opre.24.5.842. (原始内容存档于2023-12-14).
- ^ Aickelin, Uwe; White, Paul. Building Better Nurse Scheduling Algorithms. Annals of Operations Research. 2004, 128 (1–4): 159–177. S2CID 14983974. arXiv:0803.2967 . doi:10.1023/b:anor.0000019103.31340.a6.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Goodman, Melissa D.; Dowsland, Kathryn A.; Thompson, Jonathan M. A grasp-knapsack hybrid for a nurse-scheduling problem (PDF). Journal of Heuristics (Springer). 2007, 15 (4): 351–379 [2020-06-20]. S2CID 8784023. doi:10.1007/s10732-007-9066-7.
- ^ Winstanley, Graham. A hybrid approach to staff scheduling: The Staff Work Allocation Tool (SWAT) (PDF). Brighton: University of Brighton School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics: 1–12. [2014-03-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-03-20).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Lagatie, Ruben; Haspeslagh, Stefaan; De Causmaecker, Patrick. Negotiation Protocols for Distributed Nurse Rostering (PDF). Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Computer Science. 2009 [2014-02-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Bäumelt, Zdeněk; Dvořák, Jan; Šůcha, Přemysl; Hanzálek, Zdeněk. A Novel Approach for Nurse Rerostering based on a Parallel Algorithm. European Journal of Operational Research (Elsevier). 2016, 251 (2): 624–639. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2015.11.022.
- ^ Humble, Travis S.; Nakamura, Yuma; Ikeda, Kazuki. Application of Quantum Annealing to Nurse Scheduling Problem. Scientific Reports. 2019-04-27, 9 (1): 12837. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912837I. PMC 6731278 . PMID 31492936. arXiv:1904.12139 . doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49172-3 (英语).
- ^ Augustine, Lizzy; Faer, Morgan; Kavountzis, Andreas; Patel, Reema. A Brief Study of the Nurse Scheduling Problem (NSP) (PDF). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science: 1–11. 2009-12-15 [2014-03-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-26).
- ^ Burke, Edmund; De Causmaecker, Patrick; Berghe, Greet Vanden; Van Landeghem, Hendrik. The state of the art of nurse rostering. Journal of Scheduling. 2004, 7 (6): 441–499 [2016-01-10]. S2CID 10537343. doi:10.1023/B:JOSH.0000046076.75950.0b. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).