乔克托语
| 乔克托语 | |
|---|---|
| Chahta' | |
| 母语国家和地区 | 美国 |
| 区域 | 奥克拉荷马州东南部与密西西比州东中部，亦通行于路易斯安那州和田纳西州等地。 |
母语使用人数 | 17,890[1] |
| 语系 | |
| 语言代码 | |
| ISO 639-2 | cho |
| ISO 639-3 | cho |
| ELP | Choctaw |
| 濒危程度 | |
| 联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言[2] 脆弱（UNESCO）  | |
乔克托语（英语：Choctaw；乔克托语：Chahta'）是一种马斯科基语族的语言，传统上通行于美国东南部的原住民族群之一乔克托人之间。尽管有人将契卡索语（Chickasaw）列为乔克托语的其中一种方言，但更多的资料指出，应将契卡索和乔克托语给视为彼此相似但不同的语言。[3]
正写法
乔克托语的书写系统基于拉丁字母，尽管乔克托语有多种不同的书写系统，但目最常见的系统为拜印顿系统（Byington）、拜印顿─苏万敦系统（Byington/Swanton）和密西西比乔克托族的现代系统。
拜印顿系统（原始）Byington (Original)
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拜印顿─苏万敦系统（语言学者所使用）Byington/Swanton (Linguistic)
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现代系统（密西西比乔克托族）
现代系统变体（语言学者所使用）
许多语言学方面的刊物使用的是此处列出的该套现代系统的变体，在此变体中，长母音常借由两个母音并写来表示；另在“语言学者所使用”的版本中，锐音符表示的是音高重音所在的位置，而非母音的长短。
本文以下讨论乔克托语语法的部份使用的系统为语言学者用的现代系统变体。
语法形态
语序
乔克托语语序如下[4]：
- 基本语序：主词─受词─动词(SOV)
- 介词多为后置词，即介词置于其所支配的名词之后。
- 数词和指示词等置于被修饰词后方，名词领属置于其被领属者的前方。
- 关系子句为头词内嵌(Internally headed relative pronoun)的形式。
脚注
- ^ Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States. [2014-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-23）.
- ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
- ^ Munro 1984
- ^ 存档副本. [2014-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-25）.
参考资料
- Broadwell, George Aaron. (2006). A Choctaw reference grammar. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
- Broadwell, George Aaron. (1991). "Speaker and self in Choctaw". International Journal of American Linguistics, 57, 411-425.
- Byington, Cyrus. (1915). A dictionary of the Choctaw language. J. R. Swanton & H. S. Halbert (Eds.). Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin 46. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted 1973 & 1978).
- Davies, William. (1986). Choctaw verb agreement and universal grammar." Reidel.
- Downing, Todd. (1974). Chahta anompa: An introduction to the Choctaw language (3rd ed.). Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
- Haag, Marcia, and Willis, Henry. (2001). Choctaw Language & Culture: Chahta Anumpa, University of Oklahoma Press.
- Haag, Marcia, and Fowler, Loretta. (2001). Chahta Anumpa: A Choctaw Tutorial CD-ROM, University of Oklahoma Press.
- Heath, Jeffrey. (1977). Choctaw cases. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, 3, 204-213.
- Heath, Jeffrey. (1980). Choctaw suppletive verbs and derivational morphology.
- Howard, Gregg; Eby, Richard; Jones, Charles G. (1991). Introduction to Choctaw: A primer for learning to speak, read and write the Choctaw language. Fayetteville, AR: VIP Pub.
- Jacob, Betty. (1980). Choctaw and Chickasaw. Abstract of paper delivered at the 1978 Muskogean conference. International Journal of American Linguistics, 46, 43.
- Jacob, Betty; Nicklas, Thurston Dale; & Spencer, Betty Lou. (1977). Introduction to Choctaw. Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Munro, Pamela. (1987). Some morphological differences between Chickasaw and Choctaw. In P. Munro (Ed.), Muskogean linguistics (pp. 119–133). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
- Munro, Pamela (Ed.). (1987). Muskogean linguistics. UCLA occasional papers in linguistics (No. 6). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
- Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1974). The elements of Choctaw. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor).
- Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1975). Choctaw morphophonemics. In J. Crawford (Ed.), Studies in southeastern Indian languages (pp. 237–249). Athens: University of Georgia.
- Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1979). Reference grammar of the Choctaw language. Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
- Pulte, William. (1975). The position of Chickasaw in Western Muskogean. In J. Crawford (Ed.), Studies in southeastern Indian languages (pp. 251–263). Athens: University of Georgia.
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1986). Choctaw morphophonology. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1987). Choctaw g-grades and y-grades. In P. Munro (Ed.), Muskogean linguistics (pp. 171–178). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1987). Choctaw verb grades and the nature of syllabification. In A. Bosch, B. Need, & E. Schiller (Eds.), Papers from the 23rd annual regional meeting. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1988). The morphophonology of Choctaw verb roots and valence suffixes. In W. Shipley (Ed.), In honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival conference on Native American linguistics (pp. 805–818). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN