包被
包被(英语:peridium)是真菌当中包覆在大量孢子外的保护层。[1]。这种外保护层是腹菌的一种显著特征。
描述
包被依据物种的不同,而有各种不同的厚度,当中包被可能薄到有如纸张,厚到有如橡胶般坚硬。通常包被层数会有1至3层;如果某个物种有2层包被,外面的一层称为外包被(exoperidium),里面的一层称为内包被(endoperidium)。如果有3层包被,则会由外向内依序称为外包被、中包被(mesoperidium)与内包被[2]。
在最简单的地底型态中,包被会在孢子成熟前保持闭合状态,甚至没有裂开或打开的特殊机制,但会在孢子释放前腐烂[3]。
马勃
对于大多数真菌,包被外会附有鳞片或刺。部分物种会在包被发展过程中突出地表,一般的典型物种即为马勃;通常马勃的包被会分化成2层以上,并在最外层分解为疣或刺。与之相反,最内层的包被仍维持完整与光滑,用以保护孢子。有时在地星属物种当中,其包被层数更多,并且外包被最终会从顶端分裂成不等数量的点状物。然而内层包被仍然会保持完整[4]。
硬皮马勃
与马勃相反,硬皮马勃通常只有1层包被,只有3-9公分宽[5][6]。这种单层包被通常坚硬如果皮,切开来时颜色为白色,但新鲜时则为粉红色;表面颜色则有棕色到暗黄色等各种变化,而且以鳞片型态并排[7]。
用法
有时特定真菌物种的包被会给予一个特别的名称。举例,剧毒鹅膏节(Phalloidea)的包被称为蕈托。鸟巢菌科的包被外层也被称为“巢”[8]。
参考文献
- ^ British Fungus – Flora, by George Massee; page 6; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892
- ^ Blackwell, Meredith; Alexopoulos, Constantine John; Mims, Charles W. Introductory mycology. New York: Wiley. 1996: 544. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
- ^ "Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria". Eng. Ed. "A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes", Annals of Botany, vol. iv. 1889.
- ^ British Fungus – Flora: A Classified Textbook of Mycology; By George Massee; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892; Item notes: v.1; Original from Harvard University; Digitized Jun 1, 2007
- ^ A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America; By Vera B. McKnight, Roger Tory Peterson, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation; page 362; Illustrated by Vera B. McKnight; Published by HMCo Field Guides, 1998; ISBN 0-395-91090-0, ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
- ^ The Genera of Fungi; By Frederic Edward Clements; Published by The H. W. Wilson company, 1909; Original from the University of Michigan; page 195
- ^ Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi; By David Arora; page 708; Published by Ten Speed Press, 1986
- ^ Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families; By Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman; page 53; Published by Birkhäuser, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28870-8, ISBN 978-0-387-28870-3