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汇集要做的

arthur (留言) 2011年7月11日 (一) 16:25 (UTC) 由于在计划页面的东西有点乱，暂列于此，由我曾编辑的历史中撷取仍有问题，应予以改善者： 201006-201104

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• Talk:蓝染植物：加地名，如菁𬒈里等..

标本馆的稿

保留名翻译

保留名（英：conserved name；拉丁文：nomen conservandum，复数：nomina conservanda，简写：nom. cons.）是因特殊保护学名命名所产生学名。在《国际植物命名法规》较倾向于使用拉丁文，nomen conservandum，但《国际动物命名法规》则倾向于使用英文conserved name。日文则使用汉字“保留名”。保留名的意涵、形成机制，动物与植物不同。

植物

在植物学里的保留名具有下列特性： (1) A name ... ruled as legitimate and with precedence over other specified names even though it may have been illegitimate when published or lack priority ... (2) A name for which its type, orthography, or gender has been fixed by the conservation process."

In botanical nomenclature, conservation is a nomenclatural procedure governed by Art. 14 of the ICBN. Its purpose is

"to avoid disadvantageous nomenclatural changes entailed by the strict application of the rules, and especially of the principle of priority [...]" (Art. 14.1).

Conservation is possible only for names at the rank of family, genus or species.

It may effect a change in original spelling (see orthographical variant), Type (biology), or (most commonly) priority.

• Conserved spelling allows spelling usage to be preserved even if the name was published with another spelling: Euonymus (not Evonymus), Guaiacum (not Guajacum), etc. (see orthographical variant).
• Conserved types are often made when it is found that a type in fact belongs to a different taxon, or to a small group separate from the monophyletic bulk of a genus' species.
• Conservation of a name against an earlier taxonomic (heterotypic) synonym (which is termed a rejected name), ensures that these names do not force taxa to be renamed (i.e., a name rejected in favour of the conserved name could be used in a taxonomy that did not combine its taxon with the taxon of the conserved name).

Besides conservation/rejection of a name (Art. 14), the ICBN also offers the option of outright rejection of a name (Art. 56), another way of creating a nomen rejiciendum (nom. rej., rejected name) that cannot be used anymore. Rejection is possible for a name at any rank.

Effects

Conflicting conserved names are treated according to the normal rules of priority. Separate proposals (informally referred to as "superconservation" proposal) may be made to protect the latter of a conserved name that would be overtaken by another. However, conservation does not have the same consequences depending on the type of name that is conserved:

• A conserved family name is protected against all other family names based on genera encompassed by the family definition.
• A conserved genus or species name is against any homonyms, homotypic synonyms, and those specific heterotypic synonyms that are simultaneously declared nomina rejicienda (as well as their own homotypic synonyms). As such, other names may arise that require nomenclatural changes or new conservation proposals.

Procedure

1. The procedure starts by submitting a proposal to the journal Taxon (published by the IAPT). This proposal should present the case both for and against conservation of a name. Publication notifies anybody concerned that the matter is being considered and makes it possible for those interested to write in. Publication is the start of the formal procedure: it counts as referring the matter "to the appropriate Committee for study" and Rec14A.1 comes into effect. The name in question is (somewhat) protected by this Recommendation ("... authors should follow existing usage as far as possible ...").
2. After reviewing the matter, judging the merits of the case, "the appropriate Committee" makes a decision either against ("not recommended") or in favor ("recommended"). Then the matter is passed to the General Committee.
3. After reviewing the matter, mostly from a procedural angle, the General Committee makes a decision, either against ("not recommended") or in favor ("recommended"). At this point Art 14.14 comes into effect. Art 14.14 authorizes all users to indeed use that name. If this should be relevant the name can be printed in the relevant Appendix, but only if accompanied by an asterisk to indicate that although it is printed in the physical book which carries the title International Code of Botanical Nomenclature it is not de jure part of the Code.
4. The General Committee reports to the Nomenclature Section of the International Botanical Congress, stating which names (including types and spellings) it recommends for conservation. Then, by Div.III.1, the Nomenclature Section makes a decision on which names (including types, spellings) are accepted into the Code. At this stage the de facto decision is made to modify the Code.
5. The Plenary Session of that same International Botanical Congress receives the "resolution moved by the Nomenclature Section of that Congress" and makes a de jure decision to modify the Code. By long tradition this step is ceremonial in nature only.

In the course of time there have been different standards for the majority required for a decision. However, for decades the Nomenclature Section has required a 60% majority for an inclusion in the Code, and the Committees have followed this example, in 1996 adopting a 60% majority for a decision.

Zoology

For zoology, the term "conserved name", rather than nomen conservandum, is used in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, although informally both terms are used interchangeably.

In the glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code for names of animals, one of several Nomenclature Codes), this definition is given:

conserved name

A name otherwise unavailable or invalid that the Commission, by the use of its plenary power, has enabled to be used as a valid name by removal of the known obstacles to such use.

This is a more generalized definition than the one for nomen protectum, which is specifically a conserved name that is either a junior synonym or homonym, and would therefore ordinarily be considered invalid.

An example of a conserved name, one that is also a nomen protectum, is the dinosaur genus name Pachycephalosaurus, which was formally described in 1943. Later, Tylosteus (which was formally described in 1872) was found to be the same genus as Pachycephalosaurus (a synonym). By the usual rules, the genus Tylosteus has precedence and would normally be the correct name. But the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) ruled that the name Pachycephalosaurus was to be given precedence and treated as the valid name, because it was in more common use and better known to scientists.

The ICZN's procedural details are different from those in botany, but the basic operating principle is the same, with petitions submitted for review by the Commission.

References

• McVaugh, R., R. Ross and F. A. Stafleu. 1968. An annotated glossary of botanical nomenclature. Utrecht, Netherlands: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.

标本归档

标本的排列方式因不同的馆藏有不同的方式，最常见的是采取某一分类系统排列，这对于在分类处理上有其方便性。

标本的管理

标本馆的首要任务为提供标本供作研究之用，因此，如何保持一份标本尽可能的完整是标本馆的重要事务。在例行的管理上，必需维持储藏环境的合适性。这可分几个部分：

标本馆的运作

馆长 馆员

孟仁草

arthur (留言) 2011年7月20日 (三) 03:34 (UTC)

虎尾草属

Chloris Sw., Prodr. 1:25. 1788. 属名是希腊女神克洛里斯。 4种都在taiwania251页。

孟仁草

1. Chloris barbata Sw., (Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 200. 1797; Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 462. 1978; Koyama, Grass. Jap. Neighb. Reg. 279. 1987. �s���� Pl. 163, Photo 48 Andropogon barbatum L., Mant. Pl. Att. 302. 1771, non L. 1759. Chloris inflata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. L: 105. 1821; Senaratna Grass Sri Lanka; pl. 11. 1956. Culms tufted. Blade ca. 1.5 mm wide, surface siliceous; ligule ciliate , ca. 0.3 mm long. Inflorescence a digitate spike. Spikelets 3-flowered, ca. 3 mm long; glumes membranaceous, conspicuously 1- nerved; lower glume deltoid-lanceolate, ca. 1.2 mm long, acute; upper glume narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm long, shortly awned; lower floret fertile; lemma ca. 2.7 mm long, chartaceous, 3-nerved, midrib extending into a long awn of 4 times their length of lemma, margins hispid, 2-toothed; palea ca. 2.2 mm long, membranaceous, with a sinus at apex, minutely ciliate, 2-keeled, upper part oblong, lower part linear; sterile lemma 2-lobed, 3-nerved, margins siliceous; anthers ca. 0.5 mm long. Caryopsis, ca. 1.6 mm long; embryo 1/2 as long as caryopsis. Tropical southeast Asia, introduced elsewhere, but some authors have considered it to be a native of tropical America. Cattle are said to be partial to this grass when it is young, but avoid it when the inflorescence matures. It has a purplish inftorescence with nearly globose sterile lemmas. NANTOU: Chitou, Kuoh 13502. CHIAYI: Chiayi, De Vol 7095*. TAINAN: Hsinhua, Wang 20080. KAOHSIUNG: Kaohsiung, Hsu 533-1. PINGTUNG: Ssuchungchi, Chang 2121.

(Hsu, 1978)Distributed in the tropics of Southeast Asia, introduced elsewhere, but some authors have considered it to be a native of tropical America. Cattle are said to be partial to this grass when it is young, but avoid it when the inflorescence matures. It has a purplish inflorescence with nearly globose sterile lemmas.

台湾虎尾草

Chloris formosana (Honda) Keng, Clav. Gram. Prin. Sinicarum 197. 1957, Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 375. pl. 1396. 1978. Chloris fonnosana (Honda) Keng, Clav. Gram. Prin, Sinicarum 197.1957, Fl. Ill. PI. Prim. Sinicarum Gram. 469. f. 400. 1959; Hsu in Taiwania 16: 251. 1971, Taiwan Grass. 367. pl. 78. 1975. 台湾虎尾草 (Hsu, 1978)Locally it grows mainly in southern Taiwan. The inflorescence is pale yellow and the sterile lemma is wedge-shaped.

盖氏虎尾草

3. Chloris gayana Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 89. 1829 Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 464. 1978; Osada, Ill. Grass. Jap. 524. 1993. 3. Chloris gayana Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 89.1829, nomen; 293, pl. 58. 1830; ex Stapf in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 642. 1900; Hitchc., l. c. 524. f. 760. 1951; Senaratna, l. c. 89. 1956; Keng, l. c. 466. f. 398. 1959; Bor, Grass. India 466. f. 51. 1960; Backer & van den Brink, Fl. Java 3: 542. 1968; Hsu in Taiwania 16: 251. 1971, Taiwan Grass. 369. pl. 80. 1975; Gilliland, Grass. Malaya 87. 1971. 盖氏虎尾草 (Hsu, 1978)Distributed from Senegal eastwards to the Sudan and south to South Africa, in open grasslands and savannahs. This is an introduced species. 'It makes an excellent hay of high nutritive value and is eaten greedily by all stock. Yields are very high in irrigated fields.

虎尾草

(Hsu, 1978)4. Chloris virgata Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 203. 1797; Honda, Monogr. Poac. Jap. 157. 1930; Hitchc., l. c. 527. f. 764. 1951; Keng, l. c. 769. 1959; Bor, Grass. India 468. 1960; Backer & van den Brink, Fl. Java 3: 542. 1968; Hsu in Taiwania 16: 251. f. 7. 1971, Taiwan Grass. 371. pl. 81. 1975. 虎尾草 (Hsu, 2000)4. Chloris virgata Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 203. 1797; Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 464. 1978; Koyama, Grass. Jap. Neighb. Reg. 279. 1987. (Hsu, 1978)Widely distributed throughout the tropics of both hemispheres. It is reputed to be a good fodder grass.

参考文献

• Hsu, C. C.(许建昌). 1971. A guide to the Taiwan grasses with keys to the subfamilies, tribes, genera and species. Taiwania 16(2): 199-341. (孟仁草在251页，虎尾草属：250~253页)
• Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 462. 1978 (孟仁草462、台湾虎尾草462、盖氏虎尾草464、虎尾草464)
• Hsu, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 5: 402-405. 2000. (孟仁草403、台湾虎尾草403、盖氏虎尾草403、虎尾草405)
• 虎尾草属，FOC Vol. 22 Page 488, 489, 490, 491

形态学

历史

主条目：植物学历史/生物学历史

早期

生物学知识的第一个转捩点发生在大约一万年前的新石器时代，人类首次驯化植物，然后蓄养动物，定栖的社会于焉形成。

公元前四世纪，泰奥弗拉斯托斯（约前371年－约前287年）留下二本关于植物的书：《植物史》(Περὶ Φυτῶν Ιστορίας)与《植物之生成》(Περὶ Φυτῶν Αἰτιῶν, On the Causes of Plants) 对中世纪的科学有极深的影响，为首度将植物作系统性分类，成为古代至中世纪最重要的植物学书籍，乃至有人称呼泰奥弗拉斯托斯为植物学之父。

《植物史》原有十册，其中存留的有九册。

The Enquiry into Plants was originally ten books, of which nine survive. The work is arranged into a system whereby plants are classified according to their modes of generation, their localities, their sizes, and according to their practical uses such as foods, juices, herbs, etc. The first book deals with the parts of plants; the second book with the reproduction of plants and the times and manner of sowing; the third, fourth, and fifth books are devoted to trees, their types, their locations, and their practical applications; the sixth book deals with shrubs and spiny plants; the seventh book deals with herbs; the eighth book deals with plants that produce edible seeds; and the ninth book deals with plants that produce useful juices, gums, resins, etc.

On the Causes of Plants was originally eight books, of which six survive. It concerns the growth of plants; the influences on their fecundity; the proper times they should be sown and reaped; the methods of preparing the soil, manuring it, and the use of tools; and of the smells, tastes, and properties of many types of plants. The work deals mainly with the economical uses of plants rather than their medicinal uses, although the latter is sometimes mentioned.

Although these works contain many absurd and fabulous statements, as a whole they have many valuable observations concerning the functions and properties of plants. Theophrastus detected the process of germination and realized the importance of climate and soil to plants. Much of the information on the Greek plants may have come from his own observations, as he is known to have travelled throughout Greece, and to have had a botanical garden of his own; but the works also profit from the reports on plants of Asia brought back from those who followed Alexander the Great:

to the reports of Alexander's followers he owed his accounts of such plants as the cotton-plant, banyan, pepper, cinnamon, myrrh, and frankincense.

Theophrastus' Enquiry into Plants was first published in a Latin translation by Theodore Gaza, at Treviso, 1483; in its original Greek it first appeared from the press of Aldus Manutius at Venice, 1495–98, from a third-rate manuscript, which, like the majority of the manuscripts that were sent to printers' workshops in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, has disappeared. Wimmer identified two manuscripts of first quality, the Codex Urbinas in the Vatican Library, which was not made known to J. G. Schneider, who made the first modern critical edition, 1818–21, and the excerpts in the Codex Parisiensis in the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

参考文献

• Magner, Lois N. A History of the Life Sciences, third edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2002. ISBN 0-8247-0824-5