蛛缘蝽科
蛛缘蝽科
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|---|---|
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| Alydus calcaratus | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 半翅目 Hemiptera |
| 亚目： | 异翅亚目 Heteroptera |
| 下目： | 椿象下目 Pentatomomorpha |
| 总科： | 缘蝽总科 Coreoidea |
| 科： | 蛛缘蝽科 Alydidae Amyot & Serville, 1843 |
| 亚科 | |
| 异名 | |
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蛛缘蝽科（学名：Alydidae），又名蛛缘椿象科，是半翅目缘蝽总科下的一个科。本科物种与缘蝽科物种有着密切关系。现时本科包括有至少50个属、 290个物种。
分布于温带及地区上较温暖的地区，本科物种主要为热带及亚热带昆虫。举例说：在欧洲本科有10个属的物种，当中只有2个属有在较温暖的地中海区域以外出现。
型态描述
Broad-headed bugs[1] are up to 10—12毫米（0.4—0.5英寸） long, and have slender bodies. Some have long and very thin legs. The most notable characteristics of the family are that the head is broad, often similar in length and width to the 前胸 (昆虫) and the scutellum (entomology), and that the last 触角 segments are elongated and curved. The 复眼s are globular and protruding, and they also have ocelli. The 腿 (节肢动物) of the hindlegs bear several strong spines; the tarsus has three segments. Most species have well-developed 翅鞘 (forewings), allowing them to fly well, but in some the hemelytra are vestigial. The membranous part of the hemelytra have several closely spaced long veins.
Alydidae are generally of dusky or blackish coloration. The upperside of the 腹 is usually bright orange-red. this color patch is normally not visible as it is covered by the wings; it can be exposed, perhaps to warn would-be 捕食s of these animals' noxiousness: They frequently have scent glands that produce a stink considered to be worse than that of true stink bugs (蝽科). The stink is said to smell similar to a bad case of 口臭.
Sometimes the adults have reduced wings. Both, nymphs and adults of some species, such as Dulichius inflatus and Hyalymenus spp. are 拟蚁现象s and live in ant nests.[2]
栖息地与生态
这些昆虫主要栖息于相当干旱的沙质栖息地，见于海滨、石楠荒原、干草原和疏林草原。它们的主要以植物的种子为食：它们会用其长鼻刺穿种子，以饮用其中所含的营养液。部分物种在经济上是重要的害虫，例如水稻上的Leptocorisa oratoria。
分类
本科物种为单源群[3]，可分为三条自然的家系。这三条家系原来对应本科的三个族，分别如下[3]：
1965年，有两份文献对这分类作出不同的修订：
- Ahmad (1965) [4]将三个族都提升至亚科级，分别为[3][4][5]：
- 而Schaefer (1965)的提议将本科物种只分为两个亚科[6]：
- 蛛缘蝽亚科不变；
- 稻缘蝽族（Leptocorisini）与微翅缘蝽族（Micrelytrini）合组成为微缘蝽亚科。
中国昆虫学家李新正和郑乐怡于1993年发表研究，对蛛缘蝽科各个亚群合共16个代表属作比较形态学研究，结论认同Schaefer (1965)的分类建议才符合研究结果[3]。其后，Schaefer (1999)[7]再完善整个分类。不过，Ahmad (1965)的分类仍然有文献在使用。
属
综合多个昆虫数据库的资料，现时本科包括有59个属，分为多个亚科和族[8]，分别如下：
- 蛛缘蝽亚科 Alydinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
- 蛛缘蝽属 Alydus Fabricius, 1803 i c g b
- Apidaurus Stål, 1870
- Burtinus Stål, 1860
- Camptopus Amyot & Serville, 1843
- 蛛蝽属 Daclera Signoret, 1863 c g t
- Euthetus Dallas, 1852
- Hamedius Stål, 1860
- Heegeria Reuter, 1881
- Hyalymenus Amyot & Serville, 1843
- Hypselopus Burmeister, 1835
- Megalotomus Fieber, 1860
- Melanacanthus Stål, 1873
- Mirperus Stål, 1860
- Nariscus Stål, 1866
- Nemausus Stål, 1866
- Neomegalotomus Schaffner & Schaefer, 1998
- Oxycranum Bergroth, 1910
- 蜂缘蝽属 Riptortus Stål, 1860 c g t
- Robustocephalus Ahmad, Abbas, Shadab & Khan, 1979
- Stachyocnemus Stål, 1870
- Tenosius Stål, 1860
- Tollius Stål, 1870
- Tupalus Stål, 1860
- Zulubius Bergroth, 1894
- 微缘蝽亚科 Micrelytrinae
- 稻缘蝽族（Leptocorisini）
- Bloeteocoris Ahmad, 1965
- Grypocephalus Hsiao, 1963
- 稻缘蝽属 Leptocorisa Latreille, 1829
- Mutusca Stål, 1866
- Stenocoris Burmeister, 1839
- 微翅缘蝽族（Micrelytrini）
- Acestra Dallas, 1852 c g
- Anacestra Hsiao, 1964
- Bactrocoris Kormilev, 1953
- Bactrodosoma Stål, 1860
- Bactrophya Breddin, 1901
- Bactrophyamixia Brailovsky, 1991
- Calamocoris Breddin, 1901
- Cydamus Stål, 1860[5]
- Darmistus Stål, 1860[5]
- Dulichius Stål, 1866
- Esperanza Barber, 1906[5]
- Eudarmistus Breddin, 1903
- Longicoris Ahmad, 1968
- Marcius Stål, 1865
- 微翅缘蝽属 Micrelytra Laporte, 1833 c g
- Paramarcius Hsiao, 1964
- Paraplesius Scott, 1874
- Protenor Stål, 1868[5]
- Rimadarmistus Bliven, 1956[5]：只见于ITIS，其物种在其他数据库被认为是Darmistus subvittatus Stål, 1860的异名。
- Slateria Ahmad, 1965 c g
- Stachyolobus Stål, 1871
- Trachelium Herrich-Schäffer, 1850
- Tuberculiformia Ahmad, 1967
- Noliphini族 Ahmad, 1965
- Cosmoleptus Stål, 1873
- Lyrnessus Stål, 1862
- Noliphus Stål, 1859
- Orthriocorisa Scudder, 1890 †
- 稻缘蝽族（Leptocorisini）
数据来源：
- i = ITIS[5]
- c = Catalogue of Life[9]
- g = GBIF[10]
- b = Bugguide.net[11]
- t = TaiBIF[12]
参考文献
- ^ 饶戈; 叶朝霞. 香港蝽類昆蟲圖鑑 第一版. 香港昆虫学会. 2012: 166. ISBN 978-988-17797-7-9 （中文（繁体））.
- ^ Oliveira PO. On the mimetic association between nymphs of Hyalymenus spp. (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and ants. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 83 (4): 371–384. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01182.x.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 李新正; 郑乐怡. 蛛缘蝽科系统发育初探(半翅目:缘蝽总科). 《动物分类学报》. 1993-01-01, 18 (3): 330–343 [2018-10-12]. ISSN 1000-0739. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12） （中文（简体））.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Ahmad, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera: Alydidae) of the world. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 1965, 5 (Supplement): 1–156 （英语）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Alydidae. ITIS. [2018-04-23].
- ^ Schaefer, C.W. The morphology and higher classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Parts III. The families Rhopalidae, Alydidae, and Coreidae. Publications of the Entomological Society of America. 1965, 5: 1–76 （英语）.
- ^ Schaefer, Carl W. The higher classification of the Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 1999, 101 (1): 94–98 （英语）.
- ^ Australian Faunal Directory
- ^ Browse Alydidae. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2020 Annual Checklist.. Reading, UK: Species 2000. 2020 [2018-04-23] （英语）.
- ^ Alydidae. GBIF. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF Secretariat. [2018-04-23].
- ^ Alydidae Family Information. BugGuide.net. [2018-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-05）.
- ^ Alydidae 蛛緣蝽科. TaiBIF. [2018-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12） （中文（繁体））.
