膝沟藻属
膝沟藻属
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科学分类 
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| 演化支： | SAR 超类群 SAR |
| 演化支： | 囊泡虫类 Alveolata |
| 总纲： | 双鞭毛虫门 Dinoflagellata |
| 纲： | 横裂甲藻纲 Dinophyceae |
| 目： | 膝沟藻目 Gonyaulacales |
| 科： | 膝沟藻科 Gonyaulacaceae |
| 属： | 膝沟藻属 Gonyaulax Diesing, 1866 |
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膝沟藻属（学名：Gonyaulax），其物种一般称作膝沟藻（[1]，是双鞭毛虫门的一个属，模式种是具刺膝沟藻（Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing）。本属物种是已知可引起赤潮的一个甲藻的属[2]。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
- Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911
- Gonyaulax ambigua Deflandre, 1941
- Gonyaulax apiculata (Pénard) Entz
- Gonyaulax apionis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- Gonyaulax balechii Karen A. Steidinger (1971) Gonyaulax balechii sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) with a discussion of the genera Gonyaulax and Heteraulacus, Phycologia, 10:2-3, 183-187, DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-10-2-183.1
- Gonyaulax birostris F.Stein
- Gonyaulax bulloidea Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
- Gonyaulax catenella
- 角突膝沟藻 Gonyaulax ceratocoroides Kofoid, 1910
- Gonyaulax clathrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
- Gonyaulax clevei Ostenfeld, 1902
- Gonyaulax cochlea Meunier, 1919
- Gonyaulax diaphanis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- 双刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax diegensis Kofoid, 1911
- Gonyaulax diegensis-digitale
- 粗刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax digitale (Pouchet) Kofoid, 1911
- Gonyaulax edwardsi Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- Gonyaulax eisenacki Deflandre, 1938
- Gonyaulax ellegaardiae Mertens, 2015 [3]
- Gonyaulax eumorpha Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
- Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech
- Gonyaulax fragilis (F.Schütt) Kofoid, 1911[4]
- 纺锤膝沟藻 Gonyaulax fusiformis Graham, 1942
- Gonyaulax geomunensis [5]
- Gonyaulax grindleyi P.Reinecke
- Gonyaulax helensis Woloszyska, 1928
- Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenfeld & Schmidt
- Gonyaulax hyalodermopsis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- Gonyaulax inflata (Kof.) Kof., 1911
- 焦氏漆沟藻 Gonyaulax jolliffei Murray & Whitting, 1899
- Gonyaulax jurassica Deflandre, 1938
- Gonyaulax kofoidii Pavill.
- Gonyaulax longicornu
- Gonyaulax milneri (Murray & Whitting, 1899) Kofoid, 1911
- Gonyaulax minima Matzenauer, 1933
- Gonyaulax minuta
- 帽状膝沟藻 Gonyaulax mitra Schütt Kofoid,1911
- Gonyaulax monacantha Pavill.
- Gonyaulax monilata
- Gonyaulax monocantha
- Gonyaulax muderongensis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- Gonyaulax nana Schiller, 1937
- Gonyaulax nezaniae H.Gu et K.N.Mertens 2021
- Gonyaulax nigricans (J.Schiller) Balech
- 东方膝沟藻 Gonyaulax orientalis
- Gonyaulax ovalis Schiller, 1929
- 太平洋膝沟藻 Gonyaulax pacifica Kofoid, 1907
- Gonyaulax palustris Lemmermann
- Gonyaulax parva Ramsfjell
- Gonyaulax perforans Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- 多边膝沟藻 Gonyaulax polyedra Stein,1883
- 多纹膝沟藻 Gonyaulax polygramma Stein, 1883[6][7]
- Gonyaulax rugosum Wailes, 1928
- Gonyaulax scotti Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- Gonyaulax scrippsae Kofoid, 1911
- Gonyaulax serrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
- Gonyaulax sphaeroidea Kof.
- 具刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866，底刺膝沟藻
- Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour, 1925
- Gonyaulax turbynei G.Murray & F.Whitting
- Gonyaulax unicornis Lebour
- 春膝沟藻 Gonyaulax verior Sournia, 1973
- Gonyaulax whaseongensis A.S.Lim, H.J.Jeong et Ji Hye Kim 2018
赤潮
赤潮是因为海水被诸如膝沟藻属物种这类有颜色的细胞在海洋中泛滥，从而令海水看起来像变了颜色似的。部分膝沟藻属物种会产生毒素。举例说：具刺膝沟藻（Gonyaulax spinifera）已知与虾夷扇贝毒素的生成相关；而扇贝毒素是一组在结构上与聚醚相关的毒素，能够在食用贝壳类生物的体内累积，并产生跟中了麻痹性贝毒（PSP）类似的病征[8]。
参考文献
- ^ 膝溝藻. 教育百科. [2021-03-10] （中文（繁体））.
- ^ Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina. Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 1995-04-28, 9: 55 [2015-04-25]. doi:10.3354/ame009055. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-10）.
- ^ Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K. Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization. J. Phycol. 2015, 51 (3): 560–73. PMID 26986670. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304.
- ^ syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ Hyun Jung Kim, Zhun Li, Haifeng Gu, Kenneth Neil Mertens, Joo Yeon Youn, Kyeong Yoon Kwak, Seok-Jin Oh, Kyoungsoon Shin, Yeong Du Yoo, Wonchoel Lee & Hyeon Ho Shin (2023) Gonyaulax geomunensis sp. nov. and two allied species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Korean coastal waters and East China Sea: morphology, phylogeny and growth response to changes in temperature and salinity, Phycologia, 62:1, 48-67, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2140548
- ^ syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ 潘雪峰; 张鹰; 刘吉堂. 海州湾多纹膝沟藻赤潮的动态相关分析. 《海洋环境科学》 (植物通). 2007, 2007年 (06期): 523–526 [2021-03-10] （中文（简体））.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Fleming, Lora E.; Squicciarini, Dominick; Backer, Lorrie C.; Clark, Richard; Abraham, William; Benson, Janet; Cheng, Yung Sung; Johnson, David. Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects. Harmful Algae. 2004-04-01, 3 (2): 99–115. PMC 2856946
. PMID 20411030. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.08.005.
延伸阅读
- White, A W. Marine zoo plankton can accumulate and retain dinoflagellate toxins and cause fish kills. ASOL Limnology and Oceanography. Jan 1981, 26 (1): 103–9. Bibcode:1981LimOc..26..103W. JSTOR 2835810. doi:10.4319/lo.1981.26.1.0103 .
- Diaz, Patricio; Molinet, Carlos; Seguel, Miriam; Labra, Gissela; Figueroa, Rosa. Coupling planktonic and benthic shifts during a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in southern Chile: Implications for bloom dynamics and recurrence. Harmful Algae. December 2014, 40 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.001 .