美国国家社会主义党诉斯科基村案
国家社会主义党诉斯科基村 | |||||
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判决:1977年6月14日 | |||||
案件全名 | National Socialist Party of America et al. v. Village of Skokie | ||||
诉讼记录号 | 76-1786 | ||||
引注案号 | 432 U.S. 43 97 S. Ct. 2205; 53 L. Ed. 2d 96; 1977 U.S. LEXIS 113; 2 Media L. Rep. 1993 | ||||
最高法院法官 | |||||
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适用法条 | |||||
美国宪法第一修正案 |
美国国家社会主义党诉斯科基村案(National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie),编号432 U.S. 43 (1977),是美国最高法院在1977年6月14日处理宪法第一修正案有关言论自由与集会自由的重大判决,源于一个犹太村在县级法院取得了禁制令阻止纳粹主义游行活动举办,但州级法院有意无意拖延纳粹游行方的上诉。判决确立了一个原则:当禁制令关乎言论自由时,下级法院必须马上聆讯,不得拖延。[1]案件最终发还至伊利诺伊州最高法院,裁定展示“卐”(历史悠长的符号,近代被纳粹党采用)的纳粹主义游行属宪法第一修正案所保障的言论自由,准许举办。本案是大学宪法学课程的经典案例。[2]
争执背景
事源1977年3月,美国伊利诺伊州斯科基村——以犹太裔为主的村而且不少人是纳粹集中营的生还者[3]——村里的纳粹组织向警察申请在该年5月1日举办三个以“言论自由”为名的游行活动。同年4月28日,[4]斯科基村政府向库克县县级巡回法院要求颁布紧急禁制令并成功。[5]该村政府亦借机在同年5月2日通过三条条例,对游行活动作苛刻限制。[6]第一条是游行活动不能穿军服,[7][8]第二条是禁止散布“仇恨言论”的材料; 第三条要求所有游行活动必须购买$35万美金的公共安全保险。[8][9]由此令该纳粹游行活动难以举办。[7]
纳粹团体美国国家社会主义党获美国公民自由联盟(ACLU)的协助上诉,州上诉庭、州最高法院拒绝马上受理,从而实际上令该游行活动在原定日期被取消,由此上诉至联邦最高法院。[10]美国公民自由联盟派出美国黑人民权运动律师——而且是两个犹太人[11][12]——大卫·戈尔德伯格(David Goldberger)[7][13]与伯顿·约瑟夫(Burton Joseph)[14][15]主理。大卫·戈尔德伯格收到大量仇恨言论的电邮、恐吓和滋扰,其中最常见的是批评“你身为犹太人怎能为纳粹主义者辩护?”[12]美国公民自由联盟有数千会员愤而退会。[12]
联邦最高法院裁决
1977年6月14日,以5比4的票数,联邦最高法院裁决规定州政府在对于限制美国宪法第一修正案权利——例如集会自由——颁布禁制令之前,必须采取措施保障程序公义,包括要州法院立刻对该禁制令作聆讯,否则禁制令必须暂缓。[1][10][16]
由此,联邦最高法院将本案发还至伊利诺伊州上诉法院去聆讯。[17]由于查普林斯基诉新罕布什尔州(Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire)确立了政府可以限制美国宪法第一修正案的数种言论类别——包括“挑衅滋事言论”(fighting words),伊利诺伊州上诉法院裁决“卐”(历史悠长的符号,近代被纳粹党采用)因为会造成可预见的激烈反应,属于“挑衅滋事言论”,从而不受美国宪法第一修正案权保障,[18][19]但是该党可以举办不展示“卐”的纳粹主义游行活动。[20][21][22]然而,伊利诺伊州最高法院推翻了上诉法院的判决,裁决“卐”并不构成“挑衅滋事言论”,因为聆听者的感受并不能用所“挑衅滋事”的考虑准则,尤其是在当地村民早已获知当天会展示“卐”的情况之下。[23][24]
其后,斯科基村的三条苛刻的游行条例(不能穿军服、禁止散布“仇恨言论”的材料、必须购买$35万美金的公共安全保险),在科林诉斯密斯案(Collin v. Smith )里被判违宪。[25]最先由伊利诺伊北区联邦地区法院判违宪,[26]再由联邦第七巡回上诉法院判违宪,[25]联邦最高法院没有受理进一步上诉。[27]
法律以外的影响
此次裁决与游行活动促使斯科基村在1981年盖成伊利诺伊州犹太人大屠杀纪念馆与教育中心,至今仍在营运。[28]
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Hamlin, David. The Nazi/Skokie Conflict: A Civil Liberties Battle. Boston: Beacon Press. 1980: 87.
- ^ Strum, Philippa. When the Nazis came to Skokie : freedom for speech we hate. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 1999: 2. ISBN 978-0700609406. OCLC 39936668.
- ^ Strum, Philippa. When the Nazis came to Skokie : freedom for speech we hate. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 1999: 7. ISBN 978-0700609406. OCLC 39936668.
- ^ Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party of America, et al., Docket No 77-2702, Circuit Court of Cook County, llinois, Chancery Division. skokiehistory.omeka.net. [2018-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-01).
- ^ Strum, Philippa. When the Nazis came to Skokie: freedom for speech we hate. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 1999: 17–21. ISBN 978-0700609406. OCLC 39936668 (英语).
- ^ Skokie passes three ordinances. Skokie Public Library Digital Collections. [Dec 4, 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-25).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Warden, Rob. Nazis' March in Skokie, Ill., Stirs Emotion. The Washington Post. June 30, 1977. (原始内容存档于2020-05-07).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Barnett, Brett A. Untangling the web of hate: are online "hate sites" deserving of First Amendment protection?. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria Press. 2007: 91. ISBN 9781934043912. OCLC 818658372.
- ^ Dubey, Diane; Bernstein, Al. Nazis now plan July 4 demonstration in Skokie. skokiehistory.omeka.net. June 16, 1977 [2018-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-25) (美国英语).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie, 432 U.S. 43 (1977) (per curiam).
- ^ David Goldberger. I convinced the courts that Nazis have a right to free speech decades ago. I’d do it again today.. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 2018-08-20 [2020-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-26).
I was angrily asked, "How can you, a Jew, represent Nazis?"
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Lawyer Who Aided Illinois Nazis Recalls a ‘Very Difficult Odyssey’. New York Times. 1979-04-29 [2020-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-21).
- ^ New Film Explores Skokie's Battle with Neo-Nazis. Chicago Tonight. [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-07).
- ^ Grimes, William. Burton Joseph, Lawyer in First Amendment Cases, Is Dead at 79. The New York Times. April 4, 2010: A22 [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-30).
- ^ Burnette, Daarel. Burton Joseph, 1930-2010: Attorney championed civil rights. Chicago Tribune. April 1, 2010 [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-17).
- ^ ILLINOIS HIGH COURT SANCTIONS SWASTIKAS IN NAZI PARTY MARCH; Justices 'Reluctantly' Overturn Ban on Demonstration in Skokie, Citing Free Speech Rights Appellate Court Upset Illinois Court Sanctions Swastikas. The New York Times. January 28, 1978 [2018-12-01] (英语).
- ^ Oelsner, Lesley. High Court Upsets a Ban in Illinois On Parade by Nazi-Styled Group. The New York Times. June 16, 1977 [2018-12-01] (英语).
- ^ Kneeland, Douglas E. Troubles Multiply for Nazi Leader in Chicago Suburb. The New York Times. July 22, 1977.
- ^ Dubey, Diane. No swastikas allowed: Lift march injuction (PDF). Skokie Life. July 14, 1977 [December 9, 2018].[失效链接]
- ^ High court judge upholds ban on swastikas in Skokie march. The Chicago Tribune. August 27, 1977.
- ^ Strum, Philippa. When the Nazis came to Skokie : freedom for speech we hate. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 1999: 77. ISBN 978-0700609406. OCLC 39936668.
- ^ Village of Skokie v. Nat'l Socialist Party of America, 69 Ill.2d 605, 373 N.E.2d 21 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (1978).
- ^ Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party of America (Ill) (1978). The First Amendment Encyclopedia, Middle Tennessee State University. [2020-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-09).
- ^ NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA V. SKOKIE (1977). Jack Miller Center. [2020-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-28).
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Collin v. Smith, 578 F.2d 1197 (7th Cir. 1978).
- ^ Collin v. Smith, 447 F. Supp. 676 (N.D. Ill. 1978).
- ^ Smith v. Collin, 439 U.S. 916 (1978) (denying certiorari).
- ^ History. Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center. [2020-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-17).
延伸阅读
- Bollinger, Lee C.; Neier, Aryeh. The Skokie Legacy: Reflections on an 'Easy Case' and Free Speech Theory. Mich. L. Rev. 1982, 80 (4): 617–633. JSTOR 1288226. doi:10.2307/1288226.
- Barnum, David G. Decision Making in A Constitutional Democracy: Policy Formation in the Skokie Free Speech Controversy. The Journal of Politics. 1982, 44 (2): 480–508. JSTOR 2130597. doi:10.2307/2130597.
- Schauer, Frederick. The Wily Agitator and the American Free Speech Tradition. Stan. L. Rev. 2005, 57: 2157.
- Hamlin, David. The Nazi/Skokie Conflict: A Civil Liberties Battle. Boston: Beacon Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0807032305. OCLC 6734784.
- National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie. Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12).
- Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean. Must We Defend Nazis?: Hate Speech, Pornography, and the New First Amendment. New York: NYU Press. 1997.
- Neier, Aryeh. Defending My Enemy: American Nazis, the Skokie Case, and the Risks of Freedom. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1979.