渐进性纤维化间质性肺病
渐进性纤维化间质性肺病(英语:Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease,PF-ILD)是一种间质性肺病(ILD)的表型,指间质性肺病患者发生肺部纤维化持续进展的状况,而不是一种特定的间质性肺病[1]。患者的临床表现包括:肺部持续纤维化、临床症状(干咳、喘或呼吸困难等)不断恶化、肺功能持续下降等,会使患者肺功能减损,导致生活品质恶化,并可能并发急性呼吸困难危及生命[2]。
间质性肺病又称为弥漫性肺病[3],包含超过200种罕见肺部疾病[4],是肺泡间的结缔组织发生病变的统称。起因可能为自体免疫疾病、环境因素,或由不明原因所引起[5]。其中几种间质性肺病较容易会发展出渐进性纤维化的表型,包括敏感性肺炎,以及自体免疫疾病所引起的间质性肺病,包括类风湿性关节炎间质性肺病、系统性硬化症相关间质性肺病[6]、红斑性狼疮、多发性肌炎、皮肌炎、干燥症等等。多数间质性肺病末期时会产生肺纤维化,影响氧气吸收[4]。
许多渐进性纤维化间质性肺病患者面临延迟诊断的问题[5],间质性肺病患者确诊后到发展出渐进性纤维化症状的时间约为一年,而后医师约需9-12个月才能确诊渐进性纤维化的表型,一旦病患有纤维化症状出现而没有接受妥善治疗照护,约会在5-7年间死亡[5]。
致病机转
目前渐进性纤维化间质性肺病的致病机转尚未完全明朗,现有文献指出:当肺泡与肺泡周边的血管受损时, 大量的发炎细胞聚集在损伤处并释放纤维化介质[6],促进纤维母细胞聚集和活化,而后转变成肌纤维母细胞,形成细胞外基质(ECM)的一部分。患者会自体持续地重复此过程,导致过多的ECM分泌让肺泡壁变厚变硬,进而影响正常的肺部气体交换功能[7]。
盛行率
根据一项于2017年包含243位肺部专科医师、203位风湿免疫科医师以及40位内科医师的专家问卷估计,约有18-32%非特发性间质性肺炎(IPF)的间质性肺病(ILD)病患,其疾病会发展成具有渐进性纤维化的表型,且自症状发作开始,病患会在61-80个月内死亡[5]。其中,非特异性间质性肺炎(iNSIP)、与全身性硬化症有关之间质性肺病(SSc-ILD)、无法确切诊断种类的特发性间质性肺炎(Unclassifiable IIP)、类风湿性关节炎间质性肺病(RA-ILD)是最容易进展为渐进性纤维化的间质性肺病[5]。以下为各种间质性肺病发展为渐进性纤维化间质性肺病的比例分析:
- 非特异性间质性肺炎(iNSIP):32%[5]
- 与全身性硬化症有关之间质性肺病(SSc-ILD):31%[5]
- 无法确切诊断种类的特发性间质性肺炎(unclassifiable IIP):29%[5]
- 类风湿性关节炎间质性肺病(RA-ILD):26%[5]
间质性肺病的成因多样,除了环境暴露、不明原因外,自体免疫疾病也是引起间质性肺病发病的一大因素[5]。其中由类风湿性关节炎、红斑性狼疮、多发性肌炎、皮肌炎、干燥症、硬皮症等自体免疫疾病的引起的间质性肺病患者,其肺病特别容易进展为预后较差的渐进性纤维化间质性肺病[4]。
症状
肺部的渐进性纤维化是一种自体进展的疾病,并会造成肺功能、呼吸症状、生命品质的减损,最终增加早期死亡的风险[5]。肺部纤维化会使间质性肺病(ILD)病人有较差的预后[8]。
渐进性纤维化间质性肺病患者常见的症状有:
风险
间质性肺病患者确诊后发展至渐进性纤维化的时间约为11-15个月,而后医师约需9-12个月确诊渐进性纤维化的表型,病患约会在症状开始后的61-80个月死亡[5],肺部上皮损伤或增殖以及自体免疫系统是可能造成渐进性纤维化间质性肺病的风险因子。
另外,疾病的急性恶化会让渐进性纤维化间质性肺病病患的预后变差以及增加死亡风险,目前急性恶化尚无正式的统一定义,不过在大部分的案例中,急性恶化表示一个月内有严重的呼吸恶化,并伴随新的弥漫性肺泡损伤[9]。
约有18-32%非特发性间质性肺炎的间质性肺炎患者疾病会发展为渐进性纤维化间质性肺病,许多病患面临延误诊断的经验[5],造成较差的疾病预后。渐进性纤维化间质性肺病可能带来的风险有:
诊断
医师在诊断渐进性纤维化间质性肺病时,通常需要许多学科的配合,包含肺科医师、风湿免疫医师、放射科医师及病理科医师[15],依据病患的临床表现、病史、吸烟习惯、肺功能、血清检查、胸部影像或肺部切片等结果来评估[4]。其中临床症状、肺功能检测及高解析电脑断层(HCRT)是判断疾病是否有渐进性症状的重要诊断工具[14]。
渐进性纤维化间质性肺病是间质性肺病的患者因肺部损伤不断自我修复,产生渐进性纤维化进而影响患者的呼吸功能以及气体吸收[2],因此肺功能检测是最主要监测疾病进展的工具[16]。
虽然目前医界尚无诊断与定义渐进性纤维化间质性肺病疾病进展的统一标准,不过不同的临床实验皆以疾病症状恶化、肺功能与影像作为实验中定义基准。依据实验不同,定义的项目与数值也有不同[17]。
- 6个月内肺活量绝对降低超过5%,并伴随临床症状的恶化[18]
- 12个月内肺活量绝对降低超过5%[19]
- 12个月内肺活量相对降低超过10%,或肺活量相对降低5-10%同时一氧化碳弥漫辆相对降低超过15%[20]
- 若24个月内,肺活量相对降低超过10%、肺活量降低5-10%伴随呼吸道症状恶化、肺活量降低5-10%伴随影像检查纤维化结果恶化,或呼吸道症状恶化伴随影像检查纤维化结果恶化,就可能为渐进性纤维化的症状[21]
因此,定期进行肺功能检测有助于患者早期确诊,以及早进行评估及治疗。
治疗
间质性肺病的治疗决策取决于诊断结果和病程[3],可由肺部专科、风湿免疫科或内科医师做出诊断及判断[5]。自体免疫疾病引起的间质性肺病的治疗药物大多包含皮脂类固醇或其他免疫抑制剂,如环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide)或霉酚酸酯(Mycophenolate mofetil)[4]。
渐进性纤维化间质性肺病的治疗则以抗纤维化药物为主,抗纤维化药物可以阻止疾病进展,“尼达尼布”(Nintedanib)是一种多重酪氨酸激酶受体抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor)[22], 根据动物实验证明,nintedanib有抗纤维化及抗发炎的效果[1]。为期52周的INBUILD临床实验也证明,nintedanib可以有效减缓肺功能下降达57%,并减少33%急性恶化发生或死亡的风险[23]。因此,nintedanib于美国已通过FDA核准,于加拿大、日本、台湾…等许多国家亦获准。Nintedanib也被加拿大卫生药品技术局(Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, CADTH)及国家卫生与社会服务卓越研究所 (Institut national d'excellence en santé et services sociaux, INESSS)推荐用于治疗渐进性纤维化间质性肺病。
参考资料
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