强奸致孕
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 (2022年5月26日) |
强奸 |
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种类 |
影响和动机 |
各国情况 |
战争时期 |
法律 |
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怀孕是强奸可能导致的结果。目前的科学共识是,强奸导致怀孕的可能性至少与双方自愿的性行为一样多,一些研究表明,强奸实际上可能比双方自愿的性行为有更高的妊娠率。[1][2]
强奸对受害者和由此产生的孩子都有潜在的负面后果。[3] 强奸后的治疗包括检测、预防和怀孕管理。强奸后怀孕的妇女可能要做出是否堕胎、抚养孩子或制定收养计划等抉择。在一些规定即使强奸和乱伦后堕胎也属于非法的国家,15岁及以下女孩90%以上的怀孕是由家庭成员强奸造成的。
几个世纪以来,人们普遍认为强奸几乎永远不会导致怀孕。在欧洲,从中世纪一直到18世纪,男人可以利用女人怀孕作为法律辩护,以“证明”他不可能强奸她。当时女性怀孕被认为意味着她享受了性行为,即是在其本人同意的情况下接受性行为。近几十年来,一些反堕胎组织和政客(如托德·阿金)在强奸案件中指出,怀孕极少是因强奸而造成的。[4][5][6]
艾滋病毒/艾滋病发病率
人们对因强奸而怀孕人数的估计差异很大。[7][8] 最近的估计表明,美国每年发生的强奸怀孕事件在25,000到32,000次之间。 医生梅丽莎·霍姆斯根据一项1996年人们对4000名美国女性进行的一项为期三年的纵向研究中的研究数据估计,在美国,强迫性交导致每年有超过3.2万例怀孕的情况发生。[9] 医生费利西亚·H·斯图尔特和经济学家詹姆斯·特鲁塞尔估计,1998年美国报告的33.3万起袭击和强奸事件导致了大约2.5万人怀孕,其中多达2.2万人本来可以通过及时的治疗来预防怀孕,比如紧急避孕。[10] 不过总部设在华盛顿特区的慈善机构强奸、虐待和焚烧全国网络得出的数字要低得多,这一数字是根据司法部2005年全国犯罪受害者调查的估计得出的。该机构采用该调查的2004年和2005年每年平均64,080起强奸案,并应用5%的怀孕率来估计每年因强奸而怀孕的人数为3,204人。[8]
比率
1996年对44例与强奸有关的怀孕的研究估计,在美国,育龄受害者(12岁至45岁)的每次强奸怀孕率为5.0%。[9][11]
另见
参考书目
- Carpenter, R. Charli. Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Kumarian Press. 25 June 2007 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-1-56549-237-0. (原始内容存档于2022-05-25).
- de Brouwer, Anne-Marie. Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR. Intersentia nv. 2005 [31 January 2013]. ISBN 978-90-5095-533-1. (原始内容存档于2022-06-02).
- Hazelwood, Robert R.; Burgess, Ann Wolbert. Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach. CRC Press. 2009 [29 January 2013]. ISBN 978-1-4200-6504-6. (原始内容存档于2022-05-25).
- Jenkins, Jon L.; Braen, G. Richard. Manual of Emergency Medicine, 5e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1 August 2004 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-7817-5035-6. (原始内容存档于2022-06-02).
- Krug, Etienne G.; World Health Organization. World Report on Violence and Health. World Health Organization. 2002 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7. (原始内容存档于2022-05-25).
- Price, Sally. Mental Health in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-443-10317-9. (原始内容存档于2022-06-02).
- Smith, Merril D. Encyclopedia of Rape. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004 [29 January 2013]. ISBN 978-0-313-32687-5. (原始内容存档于2022-05-25).
参考文献
- ^ Dellorto, Danielle (22 August 2012). "Experts: Rape does not lower odds of pregnancy" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). 有线电视新闻网.
- ^ Begley, Sharon; Heavey, Susan (20 August 2012). "Rape trauma as barrier to pregnancy has no scientific basis" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). 路透社. Archive version.
- ^ Boyer, Debra; Fine, David. Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Maltreatment. Family Planning Perspectives. 1992, 24 (1): 4–19. ISSN 0014-7354. JSTOR 2135718. PMID 1601126. doi:10.2307/2135718.
- ^ Brian Clowes, The Facts of Life: An Authoritative Guide to Life & Family Issues, Chapter 3: Exceptions for Abortion: The Frequency of Rape-Caused Pregnancies 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期27 August 2012. (Human Life International, 1997). ISBN 978-1-55922-043-9.
- ^ Health Experts Dismiss Assertions on Rape. The New York Times. 21 August 2012 [21 August 2012]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-22).
- ^ Garance Franke-Ruta, Analysis — A Canard That Will Not Die: 'Legitimate Rape' Doesn't Cause Pregnancy (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), National Journal (21 August 2012).
- ^ Kim Geiger, Statistics on rape and pregnancy are complicated (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Los Angeles Times, 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Sue Owen, Surveys show wide disagreement on number of rape-related pregnancies per year (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Politifact, Austin American Statesman, 15 August 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Holmes, Melisa M.; Resnick, Heidi S.; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Best, Connie L. Rape-related pregnancy: Estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996, 175 (2): 320–4; discussion 324–5. PMID 8765248. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70141-2. (abstract also available at NIH pubmed site (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Retrieved 24 May 2014.)
- ^ Stewart, Felicia H; Trussell, James. Prevention of pregnancy resulting from rape: A neglected preventive health measure. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2000, 19 (4): 228–9. PMID 11064225. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00243-9.
- ^ Thornhill, Randy; Palmer, Craig T. A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion. MIT Press. 2001: 100 [2022-05-25]. ISBN 978-0-262-70083-2. (原始内容存档于2022-06-02).
更多阅读
- Beebe, DK. Emergency management of the adult female rape victim. American Family Physician. 1991, 43 (6): 2041–6. PMID 2042547.
- Campbell, R; Bybee, D. Emergency medical services for rape victims: Detecting the cracks in service delivery. Women's Health. 1997, 3 (2): 75–101. PMID 9332152.
- Krueger, Mary M. Pregnancy as a result of rape. Journal of Sex Education & Therapy. 1988, 14 (1): 23–7. doi:10.1080/01614576.1988.11074920.
- Lathrop, Anthony. Pregnancy Resulting from Rape. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 1998, 27 (1): 25–31. PMID 9475124. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02587.x.
- McFarlane, J. Pregnancy Following Partner Rape: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2007, 8 (2): 127–34. PMID 17545570. S2CID 732231. doi:10.1177/1524838007301222.
- Sutherland, Sandra; Scherl, Donald J. Patterns of Response Among Victims of Rape. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2010, 40 (3): 503–11. PMID 5422298. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1970.tb00708.x.