埃尔金石雕
埃尔金石雕 Elgin Marbles | |
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艺术家 | 菲狄亚斯 |
年份 | c. 447–438 BC |
类型 | 大理石 |
尺寸 | 75米(247 ft) |
收藏地 | 伦敦 |
藏主 | 大英博物馆 |
埃尔金石雕(英语:Elgin Marbles),另译帕特农石雕(英语:Parthenon Marbles),是古希腊时期雕塑家菲狄亚斯及其助手创作的一组大理石雕,原藏于帕特农神庙和雅典卫城的其他建筑中[1][2]。
1801年第七代埃尔金伯爵托马斯·布鲁斯从当时统治者希腊的奥斯曼帝国高门那里获得许可[3],将这些浮雕陆续从希腊运往英国。当时英国舆论对此有所争议,而反对者中,诗人拜伦就直斥此举形同抢劫[4][5][6][7]。英国议会在一番争辩之后[8],决定不追诉埃尔金的行为,而埃尔金则在1816年将这些石雕卖给了英国政府,最后藏于大英博物馆[9]。
1832年希腊独立之后,希腊政府开始追索这些失去的石雕[10][11],多次要求英国政府物归原主。2014年联合国教科文组织从中协调,但最终大英博物馆方面仍然拒绝归还埃尔金石雕。[12][13][14]
收购
1798年11月,埃尔金侯爵获封英王遣土耳其苏丹大使(Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty to the Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey),临走前他询问英国政府是否有意雇佣一些艺术家临摹帕特农神庙的雕塑,但收到了令人沮丧的回复。[15]
于是他自己出资雇佣了乔凡尼·巴蒂斯塔·鲁西埃里在内的一批艺术家[15]。虽然一开始他只是想临摹一些神庙里的雕塑作品,但随即发现神庙的保护状况相当糟糕,很多大理石雕被当地人拿走烧成了石灰以建造其他建筑[15]。于是1801年埃尔金决定将帕特农神庙的雕塑搬回英国。[16]
1812年整个搬迁项目完工,总共花去了他7万英镑[17]。他本想用它们来装饰自己在邓弗姆林的家,但由于和妻子离婚引发个人经济危机,所以不得不把这些石雕卖掉还债[18]。他以不足7万镑的价格将其卖给大英博物馆,拒绝了出价更高的拿破仑等人。[16]
参考文献
- ^ What are the 'Elgin Marbles'?. britishmuseum.org. [2009-05-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-20).
- ^ Elgin Marbles – Greek sculpture. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2009-05-12]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-05).
- ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles. London: Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co. 1816.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, The Acropolis, p.6/20, 2008, O.Ed.
- ^ Linda Theodorou; Dana Facaros. Greece (Cadogan Country Guides). Cadogan Guides. 2003: 55. ISBN 1-86011-898-4.
- ^ Dyson, Stephen L. Eugenie Sellers Strong: portrait of an archaeologist. London: Duckworth. 2004. ISBN 0-7156-3219-1.
- ^ Mark Ellingham, Tim Salmon, Marc Dubin, Natania Jansz, John Fisher, Greece: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, 1992,ISBN 1-85828-020-6, p.39
- ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles, Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co., 1816. Google ebook. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-08).
- ^ The Parthenon Sculptures: The position of the Trustees of the British Museum. British Museum. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-27).
- ^ The Background of the Removal. Greek Ministry of Culture. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-28).
- ^ Acropolis, Athens. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-11).
- ^ UNESCO Letter to British Government for the return of Parthenon's Marbles. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-19).
- ^ UK has not written back to UNESCO Letter (PDF). UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-15).
- ^ Elgin Marbles: UK declines mediation over Parthenon sculptures. BBC News. [2015-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Casey, Christopher. "Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism. Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. 30 October 2008 [2009-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-13).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 King, Dorothy. Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?. London: The Guardian. 2004-07-21 [2009-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-19).
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineElgin Marbles. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2011-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-02).
- ^ As reported by John E. Simmons in: Museums: A History, chapter 7, Rowman & Littlefield, 07.07.2016 - 326 pages
关于Elgin Marbles 的图书馆资源 |
扩展阅读
- Beard, Mary. The Parthenon 2nd. Profile Books. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84668-349-7.
- Fehlmann, Marc. Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles. Apollo. June 2007: 44–51 [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-06).
- Greenfield, Jeanette. The Return of Cultural Treasures 3rd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 9780521802161.
- Hitchens, Christopher. Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles. London: Chatto and Windus. 1987. ISBN 978-0-8090-4189-3. (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns)
- Jenkins, Ian. The Parthenon Frieze. London: British Museum Press. 1994. ISBN 9780714122007.
- Jenkins, Tiffany. Keeping Their Marbles: how the treasures of the past ended up in museums – and why they should stay there. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. ISBN 9780199657599.
- King, Dorothy. The Elgin Marbles. London: Hutchinson. 2006. ISBN 978-0-09-180013-0.
- Queyrel, François. Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire. Paris: Bartillat. 2008 [2018-04-15]. ISBN 978-2-84100-435-5. (原始内容存档于2008-09-29).
- St Clair, William. Lord Elgin and the Marbles 4th. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0192880535.
- Titi, Catharine. The Parthenon Marbles and International Law. Springer. 2023. ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9.
外部链接
- 开放目录项目中的“Parthenon”
- Acropolis Museum (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Parthenon Frieze(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The British Museum Parthenon pages (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- An interpretation of the meaning of the Marbles
- Location of the parts of the Parthenon around the world(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Greek pupils demand return of Elgin Marbles (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) BBC