假想朋友

假想朋友（英文：Imaginary friend）也称为假装朋友、隐形朋友或虚构朋友，是一种心理和社会现象，其友谊或其他人际关系发生在想像中，而不是外部物理的现实世界中。尽管对于创作者来说，他们看起来很真实，但是孩子们通常都知道，他们的想像中的朋友不是真实的。^[1]据信，最初针对假想朋友的研究是在1890年代进行的。^[2]对于儿童假想朋友的出现和成长相关的讯息很少。然而，克劳森和帕斯曼（Klausen and Passman(2007)）报告说，假想的朋友最初被描述为超自然的生物和灵魂，被认为可以将人们与他们的前世联系起来。^[3]历史早期的成年人拥有家庭神和守护天使之类的实体，还有充当虚构伴侣的缪斯女神，为创作工作提供舒适，指导和灵感。^[3]最终，想像中的同伴现像传给了孩子们。儿童开始与虚构的朋友交往的时代是未知的，但这种现像有可能出现在19世纪中叶，当时人们强调将童年作为游戏和想像的重要时间。^[3]

参见

参考资料

^ Taylor, M. (1999) Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Klausen, Espen; Richard H. Passman. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): the emergence of a field. Journal of Genetic Psychology. December 2006, 167 (4): 349–364 [9 November 2011]. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364. Gale Document Number: GALE|A166239640.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Klausen, E.; Passman, R. H. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): The emergence of a field. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007, 167 (4): 349–364. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364.

延伸阅读

Dierker, L. C.; Davis, K. F.; Sanders, B. The imaginary companion phenomenon: An analysis of personality correlates and developmental antecedents.. Dissociation. 1995, 8: 220–228.
Gleason, T. Social provisions of real and imaginary relationships in early childhood.. Developmental Psychology. 2002, 38 (6): 979–992. PMID 12428709. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.6.979.
Gleason, T. (2009). 'Imaginary companions.' In Harry T. Reis & Susan Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Human Relationships (pp. 833–834). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hall, E. (1982). 'The fearful child's hidden talents [Interview with Jerome Kagan].' Psychology Today, 16 (July), 50–59.
Hurlock, E.; Burstein, M. The imaginary playmate: A questionnaire study.. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1932, 41 (2): 380–392. doi:10.1080/08856559.1932.10533102.
Manosevitz, M.; Fling, S.; Prentice, N. Imaginary companions in young children: Relationships with intelligence, creativity and waiting ability.. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1977, 18 (1): 73–78. PMID 838788. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00418.x.
Manosevitz, M.; Prentice, N.; Wilson, F. Individual and family correlates of imaginary companions in preschool children.. Developmental Psychology. 1973, 8: 72–79. doi:10.1037/h0033834.
Mauro, J. 'The friend that only I can see: A longitudinal investigation of children's imaginary companions' (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International. 1991, 52: 4995.
Meyer, J.; Tuber, S. Intrapsychic and behavioral correlates of the phenomenon of imaginary companions in young children.. Psychoanalytic Psychology. 1989, 6 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.6.2.151.
Nagera, H. The imaginary companion: Its significance for ego development and conflict solution.. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 1969, 24: 165–195. doi:10.1080/00797308.1969.11822691.
Partington, J., & Grant, C. (1984). 'Imaginary playmates and other useful fantasies.' In P. Smith (Ed.), Play in animals and humans (pp. 217–240). New York: Basil Blackwell.
Imaginary Friends with Dr Evan Kidd （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） podcast interview with Dr Evan Kidd of La Trobe University

[1] Taylor, M. (1999) Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them. New York: Oxford University Press.

[Journal_of_Genetic_Psychology-2] Klausen, Espen; Richard H. Passman. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): the emergence of a field. Journal of Genetic Psychology. December 2006, 167 (4): 349–364 [9 November 2011]. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364. Gale Document Number: GALE|A166239640.

[Klausen_2007-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Klausen, E.; Passman, R. H. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): The emergence of a field. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007, 167 (4): 349–364. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364.

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