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peaceful liberation of Beiping

Handover of Beiping from the Nationalist regime to the Communists

北平淪陷
第二次國共内戰的一部分

1949年解放军进入正阳门
日期1949年1月31日
地点
 中國北平市
结果 傅作義投降，解放军接管北平城
参战方
中華民國陸軍
華北剿匪總司令部		 中国人民解放军华北军区
中国人民解放军东北野战军
指挥官与领导者
boredr 傅作義 总司令 投降
中華民國 劉瑤章（市長） 投降		 葉劍英
林彪
兵力
250,000人－300,000人

peaceful liberation of Beiping（台湾作peaceful liberation of Beiping），It was the end of the Second Nationalist-Communist Civil War Pingjin Battle in China.On 15 January 1949, the Republic of China National Army garrison in Tianjin was completely annihilated by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and the nationalist defenders in Beiping (today's Beijing) were left in a desperate situation [1]。On the 16th, Deng Baoshan, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the North China Banditry Headquarters, met with Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Nie Rongzhen on behalf of the Commander-in-Chief, Fu Zuoyi, to discuss peace, and the two sides reached an Agreement on the Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Peking on the 21st, which was signed by Fu Zuoyi on the 22nd, and the eight armies of Fu Zuoyi's forces in Peking, numbering 250,000 defenders, were withdrawn one after another according to the agreement city, ready to accept the People's Liberation Army's reorganisation [1] On the 31st, the PLA peacefully entered the city, ending the Pingjin Campaign. The Military Control Committee of the People's Liberation Army in Beiping took over the Beiping Municipal Government and the Hebei Provincial Government. By this time, the Communist Party regime had taken control of the major cities of North China and several districts [2] [3] [4]。

Name

The Government of the People's Republic of China called it the "Liberation of Beiping". The Government of the People's Republic of China called it the "Fall of Beiping". [5] Other names include "The Changing of the Banner in Beiping"[6][7], "Peaceful Occupation of Peking by the Chinese Communists"[8], "The Occupation of Peking."[9], "Peaceful Occupation of Peking by the People's Liberation Army."[10].

Before Pingjin Campaign

In October 1947, due to the war situation, the Hebei Provincial Government was moved from Baoding to Beiping, and in November, the People's Liberation Army captured Shimen City (present-day Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province), linking the Jinchahi Border Region to the Hebei, Jili, Luhu, and Yu Border Regions. By the time the new chairman, Chuxi Chun, took office, Hebei Province had control over only 20 counties out of the 130 counties under its jurisdiction, most of which were located along the railroads. [11]:21。

In May 1948, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the PLA Headquarters moved to Fuping County, Xibaipo, and on September 26, the CPC regime established the People's Government of North China. Earlier, on September 5, the North China Field Army attacked Fu Zuoyi's base in Suiyuan, forcing Fu Zuoyi to send 10 divisions from Peking and Zhangjiakou to his rescue. Mobilized by Chiang Chung-cheng, Fu Zuoyi planned a surprise attack on Shijiazhuang under the slogan of rescuing Taiyuan, which in turn led to the breach of the then headquarters of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Unexpectedly, the information was obtained by the PLA and published by the Xinhua News Agency, and Fu Zuoyi had to withdraw his plan [12].

After the Liao-Shen Battle, the Northeast Field Army had completely occupied the Northeast China, and the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (CMC) was ready to launch the Pingjin Battle. In a telegram sent by the Central Military Commission to Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou on November 18, 1948, the Central Military Commission said, "Fu Zuoyi has approached us for an uprising through Peng Zexiang and Fu Dingyi (who is not a member of the party) and it is claimed that Fu's uprising has been roughly decided. At present, we are considering the timing of the uprising, dealing with Chiang's forces in North China, and contacting our Party. Fu Dingyi has now arrived at Shimen (now Shijiazhuang) and will meet with him tomorrow and the day after tomorrow [13] [13]."

Trilateral negotiation

Fu Zuoyi's main civilian advisor Yan Yuwen was a member of the CCP underground, and all of his ideas and war plans were passed on to Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Mao Zedong to keep him at the back of the queue, and even more importantly Fu Zuoyi's daughter, Fu Dong, was a member of the CCP underground, and was transferred by the CCP to Fu Zuoyi in November 1948 to persuade his father to surrender, and to establish a channel of communication through her. In November 1948, the CPC transferred her to Fu Zuoyi's side to convince his father to surrender on the one hand, and on the other hand, the two sides established a channel of communication through her, which was a key to the final outcome. [14][15]

First time

background situation：On 12 December 1948, the Northeastern Field Army's 11th column had advanced into Changping's White Sheep City

[16]。On the 13th, the approaching The PLA in Beiping had already captured the northern suburbs of Summer Palace, Tsinghua Garden, Yanjing University, the southern suburb of Nanyuan Airport, and the western side had almost reached the city walls causing the General Supervision Department of North China to hastily move from Wanshou Road to the more central Zhongnanhai district, shaking the military's morale. [17]

In mid-December 1948, the Pingjin Battle had begun, and Beiping was in the unfavourable position of being under military siege.On 10 December, Fu Zuoyi met with Li Bingquan. Li was the cousin of Li Tengjiu, the Major General Director of the Liaison Office of the North China Expeditionary General, and a member of the CCP underground party. Subsequently, Fu Zuoyi tentatively sent Cui Zaizhi as his representative, together with Li Bingquan, with a radio station and a radio operator and translator to the Pingjin Front of the People's Liberation Army|Location of the Command in Jixian County.On the 17th, Cui Zaizhi and the others arrived at Bailizhuang in Jixian County.On the 18th, the 11th Column of the Northeastern Field Army telephoned the Commander: "Li Bingquan, a member of our underground party staff in Beiping, led Fu's representative to our side for talks."[16]

On the 19th, Cui Jaizhi held formal negotiations with Liu Yalou, Chief of Staff of the Northeast Field Army. On behalf of Fu Zuoyi, Cui Zaizhi put forward three conditions for the peace talks: the PLA would stop all attacking actions, the two armies would retreat, and a peaceful solution would be reached through negotiations on the line of Ping, Jin, Zhang, and Tang; in order to get some of Chiang Kai-shek's large planes, the PLA would concede Nanyuan Airport; and, in order to constrain the Central Army in the city, the PLA would release the 35th Army, which had been encircled by Xin Bao'an, back to Peking. In addition, Cui stated that Fu Zuoyi was willing to participate in the North China Coalition Government and that the army would be put under the command of the Coalition Government. Liu Yalou, on the other hand, elaborated on the basic principles of the CCP side for a peaceful settlement of the Pingjin issue: laying down arms and disarming as a prerequisite, never allowing the retention of arms; no establishment of a North China coalition government; and arresting the army and division commanders of the Central Army who did not surrender. If these conditions were agreed to, Fu Zuoyi's own life and the lives and private property of himself and his subordinates could be safeguarded against loss. After Cui Zaizhi reported the negotiations to Li Tengjiu, Li relayed them to Fu Zuoyi, who stated, "The Central Army in Beiping City has more than ten times more troops than I do; my troops can lay down their arms, but the rest I can't control." The difference in conditions between the two sides was too great to conclude.27 Fu Zuoyi was included in the List of civil war war criminals published in the People's Daily [16]。Fu Zuoyi secretly telegraphed Cui to return to Peking to report on the negotiations, and Li stayed behind with his radio and telegraph operator and interpreter in order to make contact [13][16]。

It is also said that Fu Zuoyi sent a telegram to Mao Zedong as early as 23 December, when the PLA attacked Zhangjiakou, indicating that he was willing to extinguish the fire and achieve early peace talks with the Communists. [18]。Nanjing learned of the wind and sent a general, Minister of National Defence Xu Yongchang to Beiping in person, expecting to stabilise and draw Fu Zuoyi and the military heart, the next best thing is to at least hope to persuade him to lead the army to give up the city and withdraw southwards to the Yangtze River defence line to fight a defensive war.

While contacting and negotiating with Fu Zuoyi, the CPC began preparations to take over the city of Beiping. The CPC Central Committee and the North China Bureau decided to form the Party, Political, and Military Leadership Bodies in Beiping.On 13 December, the Central Military Commission (CMC) appointed Nie Rongzhen as the garrison commander of the Pingjin District, and Bo Yibo as a political commissar. The CPC Central Committee appointed Peng Zhen as Secretary of the CPC Beiping Municipal Committee, and Ye Jianying as First Deputy Secretary of the CPC Beiping Municipal Committee, as well as Director of the Beiping Municipal Military Control Commission and Mayor of Beiping.17 On the 17th, the first meeting of the CPC Beiping Municipal Committee was held in Baoding City. That night, the Beiping Municipal Committee personnel departed from Baoding and arrived in Zhuo County in the early morning of the 18th.24 On the 24th, Ye Jianying made a report, announcing that the takeover of the suburbs of Beiping had begun and preparing for the later takeover of the urban area of Beiping [19]:4－5。

second time

background situation：Fu's two main armies were trapped in Zhangjiakou and Xinbaoan and could not be withdrawn. Xu Yongchang's plan to withdraw southward with his troops was no longer possible, and on December 22nd the PLA attacked the 35th Army, which had been attacking Xinbaoan in general. [17]

The 35th Army was equipped with all American equipment and tanks, Fu also ordered all the planes in Beiping to take off and bombard in support of the 35th Army, but unexpectedly in just one day the 35th Army was completely wiped out with more than 20,000 men, and the commander of the army, Guo Jingyun committed suicide, and on the 23rd in Zhangjiakou, the 105th Army and the 258th Division of the 104th Army, etc., on the way to withdraw to the city were attacked and were wiped out in a few hours, and the battle situation of the two days resulted in a great shock to Fu Zuoyi and his troops in the city. This short two-day battle caused Fu Zuoyi and the troops in the city to be greatly shaken, and their two main forces collapsed very quickly. The remaining two divisions of the 104th Army collapsed at Huailai. Only one division of the 35th Army, two divisions of the 101st Army and the "Generalissimo" guard corps remained in Beiping. At this time, the Central Army in Beiping consisted of more than 100,000 troops, including Li Wen's 4th Corps and Shi Jue's 9th Corps, which were several times larger than Fu's troops. Among them, the 4th Corps was adapted from the forces of Baoding Pacification Office, and its commander Li Wen and the commander of the 16th Army under his command, Yuan Park, were all first-generation students of Huangpu; Shijue's 9th Corps, on the other hand, was expanded from the basic force of Tang Enbo's 13th Corps, and its army commanders and division commanders were basically Tang Enbo's close confidants. Fu Zuoyi urgently adjusted the military deployment in the city of Beiping, and relocated the North China Banditry Headquarters at Princess Tomb in the western suburbs to the former site of the KMT Beiping Regiment, i.e. Juren Hall in Zhongnanhai. At the same time, all the Fu system troops were concentrated in the western city around Zhongnanhai, controlling the line of Fuchengmen, Xizhimen and Deshengmen, and deploying a field artillery regiment on Jingshan. The Central Department troops were concentrated in the north, south and east of Beiping.

The second round of negotiations took place from January 6 to 10, 1949, when Fu's main force, the 35th Army, had been annihilated and the victory or defeat of the Battle of Pingjin had been decided. Previously, on January 1st, [the Military Control Commission of the Peiping City of the People's Liberation Army] was established, Ye Jianying as the director, ready to take over Peiping. He sent a professor [Zhou Beifeng] and a director of the North China General Branch [China Democratic Alliance] and a professor [Zhang Dongsun] to [Yanjing University] to [Hebei][Jixian] eight lizhuang, with the leaders of the Pingjin Front Command [Lin Biao], [Nie Ronghuan] and [Liu Yalou]. The Chinese Communist Party proposed a plan to reorganize the [Republic of China Army] and claimed to be innocent of Fu's rebellion. The two sides tentatively signed the Minutes of the Talks but did not reach a conclusion, Mao Zedong said that four days later, the city must surrender before midnight on the 14th, and Fu hesitated again [13].

Third time

background situation：On 13 January, the PLA attacked Tianjin. In only 29 hours, more than 100,000 people of the garrison's Sixth Group Army were defeated, countless people fled and were defeated, and Chen Changjie, the commander of the defending city, was captured.
1949年2月12日，北平市各界在天安門城樓及其前面的廣場上召開「慶祝北平 和平解放大會」。圖為召開大會時的天安門。北平市市長葉劍英在大會上發表了講話。

Tianjin, which was originally expected to be able to defend for 30 days, could not even defend for 30 hours. [17] Fu Zuoyi knew that the situation was over and there were no conditions for further negotiation, so he could only surrender unconditionally to avoid the destruction of the ancient monuments in Beiping by the war, and finally to leave a good name in history.

against Mao Zedong's eight conditions for peace talks. Fu sent Deng Baoshan and Zhou Beifeng as plenipotentiaries to the Pingjin Front Command headquarters at Wuliqiao, west of Tongxian, to negotiate with Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen, Luo Ronghuan and Liu Yalou.

The negotiations were successful, and on the 16th the two sides signed 14 articles of the Preliminary Agreement on the Peaceful Settlement of Beiping [13]。On 16 January, Mao Zedong, writing on behalf of Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan, issued an ultimatum to Fu Zuoyi, with a final period of reflection from 0100 hours on 17 January to 1200 hours on 21 January [12]。On the afternoon of 16 January 1949, Fu Zuoyi sent out invitations to scholars and celebrities in Beiping to gather at Zhongnanhai to discuss the direction of the situation. More than 20 people attended, including Xu Beihong, Zhu Guangqian, and Xu Deheng, and the artist Xu Beihong and the botanist Hu Xianxian were in favour of the Chinese Communist Party's idea of peace, which saved the ancient city of Peking from the flames of war. [20]。On 17 January, Jiang Zhongzheng begged Fu Zuoyi to allow a Nanjing plane to land in Beiping to pick up Central Army officers above the rank of major and attempted to assassinate former mayor He Siyuan, who had approached him to join the Communist Party. The bomb exploded the following night, injuring He Siyuan and killing his youngest daughter, He Lumei. [12]。On the 19th representatives of the two sides consulted at the North China General Suppression Army Friendship Office in the city and added 18 articles to the body of the agreement and 4 annexes, making a total of 22 articles. The Chief of Staff of the Northeastern Field Army Su Jing and the Chief of Political and Labour Department of the North China General Expeditionary Committee Wang Kejun and Cui Zaizhi signed the Agreement on the Peaceful Settlement of the Problem of Peking on behalf of the two sides. [13]。

In mid-January, shortly after the PLA 41st Army received a peace delegation from all sectors of the Beiping community headed by He Siyuan, it received instructions from the Pingjin Front Command that after the change of sovereignty in Beiping, the 41st Army would be tasked with guarding the city. No other field army units were allowed to enter the city; 41st Army Commander Wu Kehua, Political Commissar Mo Wenhua, Deputy Political Commissar Ouyang Wen, and Chief of Staff Li Fuzhe were not permitted to enter the city until 13 April, when the 41st Army left Beiping and moved south to occupy the south-central region. Announcement of the establishment of the "Beiping City Police Command" was made to the whole society of Beiping:

By order of the Headquarters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army: In order to ensure the security of Beiping and to safeguard the order of the revolution, we hereby set up the Beiping Municipal Police Command and appoint Cheng Zihua as the Commander and Political Commissar, Peng Mingzhi, Wu Kexhua as the Vice-Commanders, and Mo Wenhua as the Vice-Political Commissar, and herewith issue a seal of the Guanding Department of the Beiping Municipal Police Command. A seal was issued with the order "Beiping City Police Command Guan-Defence". Cheng Zihua and others will take up their duties on the same day and perform their duties under the leadership of the Beiping Military Control Committee. This notice is hereby issued for your information.

On the morning of 21 January, Fu Zuoyi convened a meeting of senior generals of the North China Suppression Army and above at the Juren Hall in Zhongnanhai to announce the acceptance of the peaceful reorganisation of the National Army defenders in the city of Peking, to study how to fulfil the agreement, and to notify the whole country of the Agreement on the Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Peking through the Peking Branch of the Kuomintang's Central News Agency [21]。The venue was guarded by Fu's direct troops, and once inside the venue, the generals were cut off from their troops. Yuan Park, Shi Jue and Li Wen raised their unwillingness to stay in Peking and asked to be released to return to Nanking. In order to reduce the resistance to the implementation of the peace agreement, Fu Zuoyi agreed to release them to return to Nanjing. On the following day (22 January) the direct generals of the Central Army left Peking, and Fu Zuoyi signed the Agreement on the Peaceful Settlement of the Problem in Peking and made a radio speech. The defenders began to withdraw until a division of the PLA's 41st Army entered the city from Xizhimen on the 31st, and two divisions of the 41st Army led by Commander Wu Kexua entered the city on the 1st of February, with all gates, warehouses and key departments being guarded by 41st Army troops wearing the "Peace Police" armband. Mao Zedong issued his "Statement on the Current Situation" on 2 February, and on 3 February the PLA held an official ceremony to enter the city, without Fu Zuoyi. [22]

in retrospect

On the evening of January 21, Fu Zuoyi announced the "Circular on the Departure of All Defending Troops from the City to Await Reorganization," and from January 21 to 30, all of the 200,000-odd defending troops of Beiping were sent to a designated place outside the city to undergo reorganization and political reorganization and training. Those who were willing to stay were organized into various departments of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), including about 50,000 in the Northeast, 53,000 in North China, and 24,000 in Northwest China, and this work was basically completed by April 10th. The 19th Military Police Regiment in Beiping was not under the jurisdiction of Fu Zuoyi's "General Command of the North China Expeditionary General Headquarters", but was directly under the command of the Military Police Command in Nanjing. The 250,000 troops under Fu Zuoyi's command were reorganized, excluding the 3,100-strong 19th Military Police Regiment, which took off its uniform on January 31, 1949 and disappeared into the city.

On January 22, the PLA Pingjin Front Command and Fu Zuoyi reached an Agreement on the Peaceful Liberation of Peking, the second item of which stipulated that, during the transition period, the two sides would send members to set up a joint office to deal with relevant military and political matters. And in the first item of the annex, it was stipulated that the joint office would consist of seven persons, four on the PLA side and three on the North China Headquarters side (i.e., Fu Zuoyi's side), with the PLA side as the director and the North China Headquarters side as the deputy director. [23] On January 28, Ye Jianying wrote to Fu Zuoyi, informing him that a preparatory meeting of the Joint Liaison Organization would be held on January 29, asking him to send someone to attend. Fu Zuoyi replied by sending Guo Zongfen, Jiao Shizhai and Zhou Beifeng as representatives.

On January 25, Hebei Provincial Chairman Chu Xi Chun signed Hebei Provincial Government Fu Cai Si (38) Te No. 371, an injunction. In accordance with article 6 of the Agreement on the Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Peking, the order required that "this government and its affiliated organizations ...... be at the disposal of the [Peking] Joint Office".

On January 29, 1949, from 14:00 p.m. to 17:00 p.m., the first meeting of the Joint Office was held in the Summer Palace Jingfu Pavilion, with seven representatives from both sides attending, and political commissar of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Forty-first Army Cheng Zihua, the Commander of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Beiping Police Reserve, and political commissar of People's Liberation Army (PLA) Forty-first Army (PLA) Mowenhua who was about to enter the city in the presence of the PLA Commissar. The meeting decided that "the joint office will be established today, and this meeting will be the inaugural meeting to formally carry out the task after the announcement", "the mode of work will be collective office", and "the office will be set up in Dongjiao Minxiang Royal River Bridge. River Bridge]] No. 2" "The name of the joint office and its internal organization will be decided by Director Ye, who will draft the decision (or circulate it for endorsement) and officially release and publish the news". An agreement was reached that by 12:00 a.m. on January 31, all Kuomintang forces in the city of Beiping - the 205th Division of the Ninety-fourth Army, one division of the Ninety-second Army, one division of the [[104th Army of the National Revolutionary Army|100th Army The 17th Division of the 104th Army was withdrawn to a specified location, and the PLA entered the city to take over the defense on the same day. 10:30 a.m. to 13:30 p.m. on February 1, the second meeting of the joint body was held at the Jingfu Pavilion, with seven representatives of both sides attending, and the chief of the Beiping Police Department dispatched by the Chinese Communist Party, Tan Zhengrongwen, attending the meeting. It was decided that the name of the joint organization would be Beiping Joint Office, with the inscription Beiping Joint Office. There were three groups: military (including joint services), culture, education and administration, and economic and material affairs, with a secretary to the director, a secretary to the deputy director, and a number of secretaries. Director Ye Jianying, deputy director Guo Zongfen, Tao Che and Guo Zongfen were jointly responsible for the military group, Xu Bing and Jiao Shizhai were responsible for the cultural, educational and administrative group, and Rong Zihe and Zhou Beifeng were responsible for economic and financial matters. On the same day, the Xinhua News Agency published a message announcing the "Beiping Joint Office" was formally established, about the takeover of the city's institutions, are sent by the Joint Office of the official letter, and hold the Beiping City Military Commission to receive personnel to take over the documents. The maximum number of members of the Joint Office was 108, and the members of both sides met 13 times. On February 3, the PLA held the Entry Ceremony of Beiping, and seven members of the Beiping Joint Office welcomed the PLA into the city on the Front Gate Arrow Tower. At 11:00 a.m. on February 5, 4-500 men of the 22nd Division of the Sixteenth Army of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Army) placed the five-pointed star of the locomotive, the statue of Chairman Mao Zedong and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, colorful lanterns, radios, loudspeakers, locomotive headlamps, and all the lights of the locomotive in the Huangcun Railway Station, amplifiers, and locomotive headlights, and threw stones into the carriages, broke the glass of the coaches, and beat the passengers, resulting in the suspension of the train.The Fifth Meeting, held on February 7, partially amended the resolution concerning the military section.The Sixth Meeting, held on February 8, discussed the incident at Huangcun Railway Station, and decided that the Commander of the Fourth Corps, Zhou Tiren, would find out what happened, and that Fu Fang would guarantee that similar incidents would not happen again in the future. At the 7th meeting held on February 9, it was further clarified that each unit to be integrated should be retained and its dependents should be dealt with, and it was decided that a press release would be prepared and published; for the personnel captured during the battle, except for Chen Changjie, Lin Weifang, etc., the rest of the personnel with colonel or above would be sent to Peking to be dealt with by Fu Zuoyi, and those with colonel or below would be released locally; at the 12th meeting held on February 19, it was decided to set up a personnel handling committee to deal with the incident of Huangchun railway station, and Fu Fang promised not to repeat the similar incident in the future. The 12th meeting held on February 19, decided to set up a personnel handling committee, pushing Jiao Shizhai as the convenor, by the Cultural Affairs Bureau, property management, the municipal people's government, the military management committee to send a representative to participate in principle, the administrative organs are willing to return to their homes and the old and weak and those who can not be to the seniority of the discharge, the issuance of certifying documents and free tickets and 1 month's salary, and those who are willing to work and study after screening and introduced to study and retained. The administrative, cultural, educational and public organizations retained 30,570 old staff, accounting for 78.9% of the original staff; together with those who participated in the study and work missions to the south, they accounted for 86.4% of the original number of staff; 4,395 were repatriated to their places of origin, accounting for 11.3%; and 889 were dismissed, accounting for 2.3%. In mid-April 1949, the work of the Beiping Joint Office was basically completed.

In February, the Military Control Committee of the People's Liberation Army in Beiping formally took over the Hebei Provincial Government [11]:23.

On February 8, Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen, and Ye Jianying hosted a banquet for Fu Zuoyi and Deng Baoshan at the Peking Hotel, and Ye appeased them.On the afternoon of February 23, 1949, Mao Zedong received Fu Zuoyi in Xibaipo. Fu Zuoyi indicated that he did not want to do military work anymore and wanted to go to the Yellow River Loop to engage in water conservancy construction, which Mao Zedong praised [24]. On .8.28 General Fu Zuoyi travelled to Suiyuan to organize the defection of his old troops. On .9.19 the Chairman of Suiyuan Province Dong Qimu announced the uprising of Suiyuan Province, i.e. the 9-19 Uprising. Fu Zuoyi's surrender was called the "Beiping Model", which became a model to be followed by Xinjiang, Suiyuan, Hunan, Sichuan, Xikang and Yunnan [25]. However, at the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party's entry into the city, the vast majority of the citizens of Beiping took a wait-and-see attitude [26]. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Fu Zuoyi served as Minister of Water Resources.

Peaceful reorganisation of the Beiping garrison

On 19 February the PLA Pingjin Front Command issued Order No. 3 on the reorganisation of the Kuomintang army around Beiping: "By order of the People's Liberation Army Headquarters, the former Kuomintang army waiting to be reorganised around Beiping is to be terminated immediately by all commanding organs above the military level, and the divisions under it are to be reorganised into People's Liberation Army independent divisions in the form of divisions", and the division numbers of each division were changed. The divisions were to be reorganised as independent divisions of the People's Liberation Army in divisional units.

On February 21, the Political Department of the PLA Pingjin Front Command convened a meeting of officers above the division level of the units to be reorganized, and Tao Ch'i announced the specific change program determined by the Beiping Joint Office: the former North China Suppression Command, the 4th and 9th 2 Corps Departments, and the 8 Military Departments were all terminated, with all of their staffs and directly subordinate units integrated into the PLA Pingjin Front Command and the various Corps and Military Departments, respectively, with the 25 divisions under them being The 25 divisions to which they belonged were reorganized into PLA independent divisions, and the special units were merged with the PLA special units.

On February 27, all of the units were reorganized into the PLA, totaling about 260,000 men. The surplus personnel of the National Army, except for political and labor personnel, were handled according to the three categories of volunteering, studying and returning home, resulting in 154 volunteering officers and 781 enlisted men; 1,830 volunteering officers and 300 enlisted men; and 28,348 volunteering officers and 13,700 enlisted men returning to their home countries. Those who went back to their original homes in the liberated areas left from March 9, and those who went back to the areas under Chiang Kai-shek's control went south by ship from Tanggu.

  • The former Corps Department of the Fourth Corps was organized into the Corps Department of the Thirteenth Corps of the People's Liberation Army. Li Shilin was Deputy Commander of the Thirteenth Corps.
  • The former Ninth Corps was organized into the Nineteenth Corps of the People's Liberation Army. [Ge Yanchun]] was the Deputy Commander of the 19th Corps.
  • The former Ninety-second Army Corps Headquarters was organized into the Corps Headquarters of the Twentieth Corps of the People's Liberation Army.
  • The former Ninety-fourth Army military headquarters was integrated into the PLA Pingjin Front Special Forces Command.
    • The former Ninety-fourth Army 5th Division was reorganized into the PLA Independent Twenty-first Division, which was later allocated to the Thirty-eighth Army establishment; Division Commander Liu Wenying.
    • The former 121st Division of the Ninety-fourth Army was reorganized into the Twenty-ninth Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later allocated to the establishment of the Forty-sixth Army; Division Commander Huang Linnan.
    • The former 157th Division of the Ninety-fourth Army was reorganized into the Twenty-fourth Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later directly under the formation of the Pingjin Front Command. Division Commander He Baosong.
  • The former 104th Army was organized into the 38th Army of the People's Liberation Army. Deng Shitong was the Deputy Commander of the 38th Army.
    • The former 250th Division of the 1004th Army was reorganized into the Independent 71st Division of the People's Liberation Army, which was later allocated to the establishment of the Thirty-eighth Army; Division Commander Wang Jianye.
    • The former 269th Division of the 104th Army was reorganized into the 72nd Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later allocated to the establishment of the Thirty-ninth Army; Division Commander Mu Xinya.
    • The former 309th Division of the 104th Army was reorganized into the 74th Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later assigned to the formation of the 41st Army. Division Commander Zhao Shuqiao.
  • The former Thirty-first Army of the National Revolutionary Army was organized into the Thirty-ninth Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Sun Ziren was the Deputy Commander of the Thirty-ninth Army.
    • The former 205th Division of the Thirty-first Army was reorganized into the Independent 62nd Division of the People's Liberation Army, taking into account the special situation of being a youth army that was particularly politically intransigent to be dealt with separately.
  • The former One Hundred and First Army was organized into the Forty-Second Army military headquarters. Zhang Zhurong was the Deputy Commander of the Forty-Second Army.
    • The former 271st Division of the One Hundred and First Army was reorganized into the 35th Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later allocated to the Forty-Second Army; Division Commander An Leshan was the Division Commander.
    • The former 272nd Division of the One Hundred and First Army was reorganized into the 41st Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later allocated to the establishment of the Forty-Eighth Army; Division Commander Liu Huainan.
    • The former 273th Division of the 101st Army was reorganized into the 42nd Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later assigned to the formation of the 46th Army. Division Commander Zheng Hailou.
  • The former Thirteenth Army was organized into the Forty-fourth Army of the People's Liberation Army.
    • The former 4 Divisions of the Thirteenth Army of the Thirteenth Army were reorganized into the Independent 47th Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later allocated to the Forty-fourth Army; Zheng Bangjie was the Deputy Commander of the 44th Army and the Commander of the Independent 47th Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
    • The former 89th Division of the Thirteenth Army was reorganized as the 46th Independent Division of the PLA. It was organized as the People's Liberation Army Independent Forty-sixth Division, and later allocated to the Sixty-third Army establishment; the division commander Pan Ruhan, who went to Hong Kong in the name of reunion with his family, and then transferred to Taiwan, resumed his military status, and was the Deputy Commander of the Taipei Divisional Administration District.
    • The former Thirteenth Army 297th Division was reorganized into the First Independent Fiftieth Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later assigned to the Forty-seventh Army; Division Commander Tang Nanxun.
    • The former 299th Division of the Thirteenth Army was reorganized into the Independent Forty-eighth Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later assigned to the Sorty-fifth Army establishment. Division Commander Wu Jianfeng.
  • The former Thirty-fifth Army military headquarters was organized into the military headquarters of the PLA's Forty-ninth Army. Zhu Dachun was the Deputy Commander of the People's Liberation Army's 49th Army.
    • The former 101st Division of the Thirty-fifth Army was reorganized into the Independent 87th Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later allocated to the 44th Army of the PLA. Division Commander Liang Yanchi.
    • The former 262 Division of the Thirty-fifth Army was reorganized into the Ninetieth Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later assigned to the Forty-seventh Army. Division Commander Tang Wenzhuo.
    • The former 267th Division of the Thirty-fifth Army was reorganized into the Independent 99th Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later assigned to the Forty-ninth Army. Division Commander Liu Yiping.
  • The former Sixteenth Army was organized into the Sixty-fifth Army of the People's Liberation Army.
    • The former 22nd Division of the Sixteenth Army was reorganized into the 25th Independent Division of the PLA, which was later allocated to the Sixty-eighth Army; Division Commander Liang Shichuan.
    • The former 94th Division of the Sixteenth Army was reorganized into the Thirty-first Independent Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was allocated to the establishment of the Sixty-fifth Army; Division Commander Li Junnan was assigned to the establishment; and Division Commander Li Junnan was assigned to the establishment of the Sixty-fifth Army.
    • The former 109th Division of the Sixteenth Army was reorganized into the Independent 34th Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was later allocated to the establishment of the Sixty-ninth Army. Division Commander Zhang Pengjian.
  • The former 311th Division was reorganized into the People's Liberation Army (PLA) 88th Independent Division, which was later assigned to the 45th Army. Division Commander Sun Yingnian.
  • The former Fourth Cavalry Division was reorganized into the Fifth Independent Cavalry Division of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which was directly under the formation of the Pingjin Front Command. Division Commander Liu Chunfang, Political Commissar Liu Guangyu (Political Commissar of the 187th Division of the Sixty-third Army)/May 1950 Liu Xingchou/Wang Gongxue.In July 1949, it was renamed as the Sixth Division of the People's Liberation Army Cavalry, and was directly under the [[Nineteenth Regiment of the PLA The 19th Corps marched to the northwest and was stationed in Zhongning and Wuzhong, Ningxia.In October 1950 it was moved to Pingliang, with the division headquarters and 17th Regiment stationed at the airfield, and the 18th Regiment stationed at Ajiyu.In the fall of 1952 it was downsized to the 5th Regiment of the independent cavalry of the Northwestern Military Region, and was moved to Guyuan. [27]

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) stationed in Beiping

On February 14, 1949, the Central Government sent a telegram instructing Lin Biao to usher in a group of extra-party members who had already arrived in the Northeast to Peking, and to hold a grand welcoming conference in Peking after gathering with the democrats already there. Lin Biao and other leaders went to Xibaipo to attend the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee only after the welcoming conference.

On the evening of March 17, 1949, when the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee had already ended and the communiqué had not yet been published, the Central Secretariat decided to depart for Beiping on March 23rd.

The Central Committee's move to Beiping was code-named "Labor University", or "Loudao University" for short. Zhou Enlai conveyed specific instructions on the relocation of the Central Committee, and set up the Organizing Committee for Welcoming the Central Committee's Move to Ping, headed by Ye Jianying, the director of the Beiping Military Management Committee, who was in charge of guarding the Central Committee along the way, airborne security, military parades, and celebrations in the city. Members also included Nie Rongzhen, commander of the Pingjin Garrison, Cheng Zihua, commander of the Beiping Police, Liu Yalou, chief of staff of the Fourth Field Army, and Li Kenong, head of the Central Committee's Social Department. From Tangxian to Zhuoxian, the North China Military Region was in charge; from Zhuoxian to Changsindian, the 42nd Army of the Fourth Field Army was in charge; from Changsindian to Xizhimen, the 41st Army of the Fourth Field Army was in charge; from Xizhimen to Xiangshan, Li Kenong was in charge; and airborne vigilance, including that of the Xiyuan Airport and Xiangshan, was the responsibility of Liu Yalou.

On the morning of March 21, 1949, Qian Yimin, Minister of the Defense Department of the Fourth Field Army, Su Jing, Deputy Chief of Staff, and Yin Jian, Chief of the Operational Section, led the 300 large trucks and 20 medium-sized and small jeeps of the automobile regiment in a separate drive from Peking and Tianjin to Xibaipo. The central authorities entered Beiping in these vehicles, and the total mileage traveled by automobiles was 130,000 kilometers, all of which were safe and on time.

When Xinhua News Agency publicly released the communiqué of the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee on March 23, 1949, at 11:00 a.m. that day Mao Zedong and other leaders of the Central Secretariat led the central organs and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to leave Xibaipo, the last rural command post, and take a bus to Beiping. At the time of departure, Mao Zedong said to Zhou Enlai that today was the day to go to the capital to catch the examination. Zhou Enlai laughed and replied that we should all pass the exam and not return. Mao Zedong said, "If we go back, we will fail. We will never be Li Zicheng, we all hope to get good grades. Mao Zedong and his party took a total of 11 cars and 10 large trucks, Mao Zedong sat in the second medium jeep. Because the road is not good, the 23rd when dark failed to reach the scheduled Baoding City, night stay Tang County Shulu village. Mao Zedong stayed at the home of villager Li Daming. "This night Chairman Mao did not rest, the first half of the night with the village cadres talk; the second half of the night sitting on a small stool, lying on a bed supported by wooden planks to write materials." At noon on March 24, he passed through Baoding for lunch, and at dusk he went to Zhuo County, where he stayed at the compound of the Forty-second Army's military headquarters.At 2:00 a.m. on March 25, 1949, Mao Zedong and the other central government leaders and staff members took the train from Zhuo County to Peking, and got off at the Tsinghua Garden Station. It was already dawn when the special train arrived at Tsinghua Garden. Li Knong and Beiping Municipal Public Security Director Tan Zhengwen personally went to the Qinghua Park Station to check and deploy to meet it, and Secretary General of the Municipal Public Security Bureau Liu Jinzhong specifically deployed the security work at the station. To the Summer Palace Yishuitang rest. 15:00 pm on March 25, Mao Zedong and other leaders of the CPC Central Committee Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Ren Bishi, Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, Ye Jianying and so on the Xiyuan Airport, held a grand military parade, the four field chief of staff Liu Yalou as the commander-in-chief, the Fourth Field Army out of the three infantry regiments ("Tashan Heroes Regiment ", "Tashan Guards Heroic Regiment", "Baidaishan Heroic Regiment"), a motorized regiment, two artillery regiments and a tank battalion.On the night of March 25, the organs of the CPC Central Committee and the PLA headquarters stayed at Xiangshan Mountain, and Mao Zedong Mao Zedong stayed in Shuangqing Villa. At this point, the "big move" was successfully completed.

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