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User:JKessvinJ/沙盒/嗣位法案

维基百科，自由的百科全书
  关于by-election results，请见「List of United Kingdom by-elections (2010–present)」。关于information on UK elections in general，请见「Elections in the United Kingdom」。关于earlier elections，请见「Elections in Great Britain」。

This is a list of United Kingdom general elections (elections for the UK House of Commons) since the first in 1802. The members of the 1801–1802 Parliament had been elected to the former Parliament of Great Britain and Parliament of Ireland, before being co-opted to serve in the first Parliament of the United Kingdom, so that Parliament is not included in the table below. There have been 58 general elections held in the UK up to and including the 2024 general election.

從1802年第一次英國大選（即英國下議院選舉）開始計算，英國已舉行了58次大選。1801年至1802年的下議院議員為原大不列顛國會及愛爾蘭國會之議員，在1801年兩國合併後過渡成為第一屆大不列顛及愛爾蘭聯合王國國會議員，因此並不包括在本列表內。

Election results

A graph showing shares of the vote received by each political party in the UK since 1832. The graph shows the UK being dominated by two political parties, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, until around 1900, when the Labour Party rises and takes a large share of votes away from the Liberals. Miscellaneous parties and independents represent an insignificant amount of vote share until around 1996.
Shares of the vote in general elections since 1832 received by Conservatives[註 1] (blue), Liberals/Liberal Democrats[註 2] (orange), Labour (red) and others (grey)[1][2][3]

英國成立初期普選權一直受到諸多限制，直到1928年才正式確立所有21歲以上國民均擁有選舉權。1918年之前的大選均不是在一日內舉行，選舉可長達數週。

本列表內所列出的席次多數優勢為大選後組成政府之政黨及其餘所有政黨（包括拒絕就職的議員）之差，但不包括議長。由於1832年前仍存有腐敗選區（導致托利黨在國會内一黨獨大），加上早期政黨政治仍未成熟，多爲政治派別，故不列出。列表內屬皮爾黨（英语：Peelite）及輝格黨的首相均視作得到全體自由黨議員支持。

n 1801, the right to vote in the United Kingdom was severely restricted. Universal suffrage, on an equal basis for men and women over the age of 21, was established in 1928. Before 1918, general elections did not occur on a single day and polling was spread over several weeks.

The majority figure given is for the difference between the number of MPs elected at the general election from the party (or parties) of the government, as opposed to all other parties (some of which may have been giving some support to the government, but were not participating in a coalition). The Speaker is excluded from the calculation. A negative majority means that there was a hung parliament (or minority government) following that election. For example, at the 1929 general election, Labour was 42 seats short of forming a majority, and so its majority is listed as −42. If the party in office changed the figure is re-calculated, but no allowance is made for changes after the general election.

No attempt is made to define a majority before 1832, when the Reform Act disenfranchised the rotten boroughs; before then the Tory party had an undemocratically entrenched dominance. Particularly in the early part of the period, the complexity of factional alignments, with both the Whig and Tory traditions tending to have some members in government and others in opposition factions simultaneously, make it impossible to produce an objective majority figure. The figures between 1832 and about 1859 are approximate due to problems of defining what was a party in government, as the source provides figures for all Liberals rather than just the Whig component in what developed into the Liberal Party. The Whig and Peelite Prime Ministers in the table below are regarded as having the support of all Liberals.

List of elections

19th century

大選年份 國會屆次 投票日期 選後獲任首相
（括號為在國會任期期間獲任） 		勝出黨派 政府得票率 席次多數優勢 國會席次 英國君主
（在位年份）
1802（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1802）
(MPs) 		第1届 1802年7月5日至8月28日 亨利·阿丁頓 托利黨 不適用 不適用 658[4] 喬治三世

（1760年—1820年）
（小威廉·皮特）[a]
1806（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1806）
(MPs) 		第2届 1806年10月29日至12月17日 格倫維爾勳爵 輝格黨
1807（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1807）
(MPs) 		第3届 1807年5月4日至6月9日 波特蘭公爵 托利黨
（斯賓塞·珀西瓦爾）[a]
1812（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1812）
(MPs) 		第4届 1812年10月5日至11月10日 利物浦伯爵
1818（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1818）
(MPs) 		第5届 1818年6月17日至7月18日
1820（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1820）
(MPs) 		第6届 1820年3月6日至4月14日 喬治四世

（1820年—1830年）
1826（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1826）
(MPs) 		第7届 1826年6月7日至7月12日 喬治·坎寧[a]
（戈德里奇子爵）
（威靈頓公爵）
1830（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1830）
(MPs) 		第8届 1830年7月29日至9月1日 威靈頓公爵[b][5] William IV

(1830–1837)
格雷伯爵 輝格黨
1831（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1831）
(MPs) 		第9届 1831年4月28日至6月1日 格雷伯爵 輝格黨
1832（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1832）
(MPs) 		第10届 1832年12月10日至1833年1月8日[6] 格雷伯爵 67.0% 225
(The Viscount Melbourne)[c][7]
(The Duke of Wellington) Conservative 29.2% −308
(Sir Robert Peel)
1835（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1835）
(MPs) 		第11届 6 January – 6 February 1835 Sir Robert Peel[d][8] 42.8% −113 (C)
(The Viscount Melbourne) Whig 57.2% 113
1837（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1837）
(MPs) 		第12届 24 July – 18 August 1837 The Viscount Melbourne[e][9] 52.4% 29 Victoria

(1837–1901)
1841（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1841）
(MPs) 		第13届 29 June – 22 July 1841 The Viscount Melbourne[f][10] Whig 46.2% N/A
(Sir Robert Peel)[g][11] Conservative 51.6% 77
(Lord John Russell) Whig 46.2% N/A
1847（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1847）
(MPs) 		第14届 29 July – 26 August 1847 Lord John Russell[h][12] Whig 53.8% −72 656
(The Earl of Derby) Conservative 42.6% N/A
1852（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1852）
(MPs) 		第15届 7–31 July 1852 The Earl of Derby[i][13] Conservative 41.9% 7 654
(The Earl of Aberdeen)[j][14] Peelite N/A N/A
(The Viscount Palmerston) Whig 57.9%
1857（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1857）
(MPs) 		第16届 27 March – 24 April 1857 The Viscount Palmerston[k][15] Whig 64.8% 100
(The Earl of Derby) Conservative 33.5% N/A
1859（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1859）
(MPs) 		第17届 28 April – 18 May 1859 The Earl of Derby[l][16] Conservative 34.2% N/A
(The Viscount Palmerston) Liberal 65.8% 59
1865（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1865）
(MPs) 		第18届 11–24 July 1865 The Viscount Palmerston[a] 59.5% 81 658
(The Earl Russell)[m][17] N/A
(The Earl of Derby) Conservative 40.5%
(Benjamin Disraeli)
1868
(MPs) 		第19届 17 November – 7 December 1868 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal 61.2% 115
1874（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1874）
(MPs) 		第20届 31 January – 17 February 1874 Benjamin Disraeli Conservative 44.3% 49 652
1880（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1880）
(MPs) 		第21届 31 March – 27 April 1880 William Ewart Gladstone[18] Liberal 54.7% 51
(The Marquess of Salisbury) Conservative 42.5% N/A
1885（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1885）
(MPs) 		第22届 24 November – 18 December 1885 The Marquess of Salisbury[19] Conservative[n] 43.0% N/A 670
(William Ewart Gladstone)[20] Liberal 47.7% −16
1886（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1886）
(MPs) 		第23届 1–27 July 1886 The Marquess of Salisbury Conservative & Liberal Unionists 51.4% 58
1892（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1892）
(MPs) 		第24届 4–26 July 1892 The Marquess of Salisbury[21] 47.0% N/A
(William Ewart Gladstone) Liberal 45.4% −126
(The Earl of Rosebery)[22]
(The Marquess of Salisbury)[o] Conservative & Liberal Unionists 47.0% N/A
1895（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1895）
(MPs) 		第25届 13 July – 7 August 1895 The Marquess of Salisbury Conservative & Liberal Unionists 49.3% 153
1900（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1900）
(MPs) 		第26届 26 September – 24 October 1900[p] The Marquess of Salisbury Conservative & Liberal Unionists 50.2% 135
(Arthur Balfour) 50.2% N/A
(Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman)[o] Liberal 45.1%
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Died in office.
  2. ^ Was defeated on a motion to examine the accounts of the Civil List on 15 November 1830 and resigned the following day.
  3. ^ Was dismissed by William IV on 14 November 1834.
  4. ^ Peel was defeated on a report about the Irish Church on 7 April 1835 and resigned the following day.
  5. ^ Defeated on a motion of no confidence on 4 June 1841 and advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament, which she did on 23 June.
  6. ^ Ministry met the House of Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 27 August 1841 and resigned on 30 August 1841.
  7. ^ Was defeated on an Irish Coercion Bill on 25 June 1846 and resigned on 29 June 1846.
  8. ^ Was defeated on a militia bill on 20 February 1852 and resigned on 23 February.
  9. ^ Was defeated on the Budget on 16 December 1852 and resigned on 19 December 1852.
  10. ^ Was defeated on a vote in favour of a select committee to enquire into alleged mismanagement during the Crimean War on 29 January 1855 and resigned the next day.
  11. ^ Was defeated on a Bill, which made it a felony to plot in Britain to murder someone abroad, on 19 February 1858 and resigned on the same day.
  12. ^ Ministry met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 10 June 1859 and resigned on 11 June 1859.
  13. ^ Was defeated on Parliamentary reform proposals on 18 June 1866 and resigned on 26 June 1866.
  14. ^ Hung parliament.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Immediately advised the dissolution of Parliament upon becoming Prime Minister.
  16. ^ Known as a Khaki election which is an election heavily influenced by wartime or postwar sentiment.

20th century

大選年份 國會屆次 投票日期 選後獲任首相
（於國會任期期間獲任） 		勝出黨派 政府得票率 席次多數優勢 國會席次 投票率[23] 英國君主
（在位年份）
1906（英语：United Kingdom general election, 1906）
(MPs) 		第27届 12 January – 8 February 1906 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal 48.9% 129 670 不適用 Edward VII

(1901–1910)
(H. H. Asquith)
1910
(MPs) 		第28届 15 January – 10 February 1910 H. H. Asquith Liberal (minority government)[a] 43.5% −122 670
1910
(MPs) 		第29届 3–19 December 1910 H. H. Asquith 44.2% −126 George V

(1910–1936)
(David Lloyd George)
The election that would have been due by 1916 as a result of the Parliament Act 1911 was not held due to the First World War (1914–1918).
1918
(MPs) 		第30届 14 December 1918 David Lloyd George Liberal (coalition)[b] 53.0% 238 707 57.2%
(Bonar Law)[c] Conservative
1922
(MPs) 		第31届 15 November 1922 Bonar Law 38.5% 74 615 73.0%
(Stanley Baldwin)
1923
(MPs) 		第32届 6 December 1923 Stanley Baldwin[24] Conservative (minority government)[a] 38.0% N/A 615 71.1%
(Ramsay MacDonald) Labour (minority government) 30.7% −98
1924
(MPs) 		第33届 29 October 1924 Stanley Baldwin Conservative 46.8% 210 615 77.0%
1929
(MPs) 		第34届 30 May 1929[d] Ramsay MacDonald Labour (minority government)[a] 37.1% −42 615 76.3%
1931
(MPs) 		第35届 27 October 1931 Ramsay MacDonald National Labour (National Government) 67.2% 492 615 76.4%
1935
(MPs) 		第36届 14 November 1935 Stanley Baldwin Conservative (National Government) 51.8% 242 615 71.1%
(Neville Chamberlain) 51.8% 242 George VI

(1936–1952)
(Sir Winston Churchill) Conservative (war-time coalition) 97.7% 609
Conservative (caretaker government) 51.8% 242
The election due by 1940 was not held due to the Second World War (1939–1945).[25]
1945
(MPs) 		第37届 5 July 1945 Clement Attlee Labour 47.7% 146 640 72.8%
1950
(MPs) 		第38届 23 February 1950 46.1% 5 625 83.9%
1951
(MPs) 		第39届 25 October 1951 Sir Winston Churchill Conservative 48.0% 17 625 82.6%
(Sir Anthony Eden) Elizabeth II
(1952–2022)
1955
(MPs) 		第40届 26 May 1955 Sir Anthony Eden 49.7% 60 630 76.8%
(Harold Macmillan)
1959
(MPs) 		第41届 8 October 1959 Harold Macmillan 49.4% 100 78.7%
(Sir Alec Douglas-Home)
1964
(MPs) 		第42届 15 October 1964 Harold Wilson Labour 44.1% 4 630 77.1%
1966
(MPs) 		第43届 31 March 1966 48.0% 98 75.8%
1970
(MPs) 		第44届 18 June 1970 Edward Heath Conservative 46.4% 30 630 72.0%
1974
(MPs) 		第45届 28 February 1974 Harold Wilson Labour (minority government)[a] 37.2% −33 630 78.8%
1974
(MPs) 		第46届 10 October 1974 Harold Wilson Labour 39.2% 3 635 72.8%
(James Callaghan)
1979
(MPs) 		第47届 3 May 1979 Margaret Thatcher Conservative 43.9% 43 635 76.0%
1983
(MPs) 		第48届 9 June 1983 42.4% 144 650 72.7%
1987
(MPs) 		第49届 11 June 1987 Margaret Thatcher 42.2% 102 75.3%
(John Major)
1992
(MPs) 		第50届 9 April 1992 John Major 41.9% 21 651 77.7%
1997
(MPs) 		第51届 1 May 1997 Tony Blair Labour 43.2% 179 659 71.4%
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hung parliament.
  2. ^ Coalition Coupon. The Conservative party (led by Bonar Law) won the most votes and seats, but David Lloyd George became Prime Minister as leader of the Liberal party as part of a major cross-party deal.
  3. ^ Bonar Law immediately advised the dissolution of Parliament upon becoming Prime Minister on 23 October 1922.
  4. ^ Known as the 'flapper' election because it was the first election in which women aged 21–29 had the right to vote.

21st century

大選年份 國會屆次 投票日期 選後獲任首相
（於國會任期期間獲任） 		勝出黨派 政府得票率 席次多數優勢 國會席次 投票率[23] 英國君主
（在位年份）
2001
(MPs) 		第52届 7 June 2001 Tony Blair Labour 40.7% 167 659 59.4% Elizabeth II
(1952–2022)
2005
(MPs) 		第53届 5 May 2005 Tony Blair 35.2% 66 646 61.4%
(Gordon Brown)[a]
2010
(MPs) 		第54届 6 May 2010 David Cameron Conservative (coalition)[b] 59.1%[c] 78[d] 650 65.1%
2015
(MPs) 		第55届 7 May 2015 David Cameron Conservative 36.8% 12 650 66.1%
(Theresa May)[e]
2017
(MPs) 		第56届 8 June 2017 Theresa May Conservative (confidence and supply government)[f] 42.3% −5[g] 650 68.8%[26]
(Boris Johnson)[h]
2019
(MPs) 		第57届 12 December 2019 Boris Johnson Conservative 43.6% 80 650 67.3%
(Liz Truss)[i] Charles III
(2022–present)
(Rishi Sunak)[j]
2024
(MPs) 		第58届 4 July 2024 Sir Keir Starmer Labour 33.7% 174 650 60.0%
  1. ^ Brown succeeded Blair as leader of the Labour party on 24 June 2007, after being unopposed in a party leadership election. He officially became Prime Minister 3 days later.
  2. ^ Hung parliament. Formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg (who became Deputy Prime Minister).
  3. ^ Includes the vote share of both the Conservatives (36.1%) and Liberal Democrats (23%).
  4. ^ Combined coalition total.
  5. ^ May succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister on 13 July 2016, following a short party leadership election.
  6. ^ Hung parliament.
  7. ^ Confidence and supply agreement with the Democratic Unionist Party.
  8. ^ Johnson succeeded May as Prime Minister on 24 July 2019 – two days after being elected leader of the Conservative Party in a party leadership election.
  9. ^ Truss succeeded Johnson as Prime Minister on 6 September 2022 – the day after being elected leader of the Conservative Party in the July–September party leadership election.
  10. ^ Sunak succeeded Truss as Prime Minister on 25 October 2022 – the day after being elected (without opposition) leader of the Conservative Party in the October party leadership election.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including Tory (1832), Conservative (from 1835), Liberal Conservative (1847–1859), Liberal Unionist (1886–1910), National parties (1931–1945).
  2. ^ Including Whig (to mid-19th century), Liberal (mid-19th century to 1979), National Liberal (1922), Independent Liberal (1931), SDP-Liberal Alliance (1983–1987) and Liberal Democrat (from 1992).

References

  1. ^ Table 2.01 "Summary Results of General Elections 1832–2005 (UK)", in Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, British electoral facts, 1832–2006 (7th ed.), 2007, ISBN 978-0-7546-2712-8, p. 59.
  2. ^ "Election 2010 Results", BBC News.
  3. ^ "Election 2015 Results", BBC News.
  4. ^ Cook, Chris. British historical facts, 1760-1830. Macmillan. 1980: 48. 
  5. ^ COMMITTEE "UPON THE CIVIL LIST.. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 15 November 1830. 
  6. ^ parliament.uk (PDF). parliament.uk. commonslibrary.parliament.uk. [20 July 2023]. 
  7. ^ PROROGATION.. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 15 August 1834. 
  8. ^ CHURCH OF IRELAND.. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 7 April 1835. 
  9. ^ CONFIDENCE IN THE MINISTRY— ADJOURNED DEBATE (FIFTH DAY).. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 4 June 1841. 
  10. ^ ADDRESS IN ANSWER TO THE SPEECH— ADJOURNED DEBATE, FOURTH NIGHT.. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 27 August 1841. 
  11. ^ PROTECTION OF LIFE (IRELAND) BILL—ADJOURNED DEBATE—(SIXTH NIGHT).. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 25 June 1846. 
  12. ^ LOCAL MILITIA.. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 20 February 1852. 
  13. ^ WAYS AND MEANS—FINANCIAL STATEMENT—ADJOURNED DEBATE(FOURTH NIGHT).. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 16 December 1852. 
  14. ^ ARMY (CRIMEA)—THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR, AND CONDITION OF THE ARMY. ADJOURNED DEBATE.—(SECOND NIGHT.). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 29 January 1855. 
  15. ^ SECOND READING.. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 19 February 1858 [2019-12-22]. 
  16. ^ DEBATE RESUMED. (THIRD NIGHT).. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 10 June 1859 [2019-12-23]. 
  17. ^ MOTION FOR ADJOURNMENT.. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 19 June 1866. 
  18. ^ Was defeated on the Budget on 8 June 1885 and resigned the next day
  19. ^ Met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 26 January 1886 and resigned on 28 January
  20. ^ Was defeated on the Government of Ireland Bill on 7 June 1886 and advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament, which she did on 26 June.
  21. ^ Met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 11 August 1892 and resigned the same day
  22. ^ Was defeated on the Cordite Vote on 21 June 1895 and resigned that day
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Rogers, Simon. UK election historic turnouts since 1918 | News. theguardian.com. 16 November 2012 [2013-10-05]. 
  24. ^ Met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 21 January 1924 and resigned the next day
  25. ^ Katritses, Thomas. "British By-Elections in War-Time", American Political Science Review, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jun., 1942), pp. 525-532.
  26. ^ Bate, Alex; Baker, Carl; Uberoi, Elise; Audickas, Lukas; Dempsey, Noel; Hawkins, Oliver; Cracknell, Richard; McInnes, Roderick; Rutherford, Tom; Apostolova, Vyara. General Election 2017: full results and analysis. House of Commons Library. UK Parliament. 29 January 2019. 

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