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坐标：41°0′22.19″N 28°58′38.66″E / 41.0061639°N 28.9774056°E / 41.0061639; 28.9774056
维基百科，自由的百科全书
Date of support Country Regime Notes
1876–1911 Mexico Porfirio Díaz[1][2] During the Porfiriato, tensions between the U.S. and Mexico were high.
1929–2000 Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party[3]
1908–1935 Venezuela Juan Vicente Gómez[4]
1898–1920 Guatemala Manuel Estrada Cabrera[5]
1931–1944 Guatemala Jorge Ubico[5]
1952–1959 Cuba Fulgencio Batista[6]
1930–1961 Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo[7] Later overthrown with at least some aid from the CIA.[8]
1954–1986 Guatemala Efraín Ríos Montt Junta[9][10] See also: 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état.
1979–1982 El Salvador Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador[11]
1971–1978 Bolivia Hugo Banzer[12]
1976–1983 Argentina National Reorganization Process[13]
1964–1985 Brazil Brazilian military government[14][15]
1936–1979 Nicaragua Somoza family[16]
1957–1971 Haiti François Duvalier[17]
1971–1986 Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier[17]
1968–1981 Panama Omar Torrijos[18]
1983–1989 Panama Manuel Noriega[18] Later overthrown by US in Operation Just Cause in 1989.
1954–1989 Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner[19][20]
1973–1990 Chile Augusto Pinochet[21]
1948–1960 South Korea[22] Syngman Rhee
1958–1969 Pakistan Ayub Khan
1991–present Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev
Ilham Aliyev[23][24][25]
1991–present Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev[26][27]
1961–1979 South Korea Park Chung-hee[28]
1979–1988 South Korea Chun Doo-hwan[29]
1955–1963 South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem[30] Later assassinated in a US-backed coup. See also: Cable 243, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.
1970–1975 Cambodia Lon Nol[31]
1969–1971 Pakistan Yahya Khan[32][33]
1941–1979 Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[34][35] See also: 1953 Iranian coup d'état.
1985–1987 Iran Ruhollah Khomeini[36] See also: Iran–Contra affair.
1965–1986 Philippines Ferdinand Marcos[37][38]
1978–1988 Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[39]
1982–1990 Iraq Saddam Hussein[39] Later seen as an enemy of US in the Gulf War and deposed in the Iraq War. See: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war.
1956–1968 Indonesia Suharto[40][41] See also: Allen Lawrence Pope.
1959–present Singapore People's Action Party [42][42][43]
1984–present Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah[44][45][46][47]
2011–present Vietnam Trương Tấn Sang[48]
2014–present Thailand Prayut Chan-o-cha[49][50]
1949–1953 Syria al-Za'im-Shishkali-al-Hinnawi Junta[51][52][53] See: Husni al-Za'im, Adib Shishakli, Sami al-Hinnawi.
1990–present Uzbekistan Islam Karimov[48]
1999–2008 Pakistan Pervez Musharraf[54]
1990–2012 Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh[55]
1994–present Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon[48]
2006–present Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[48]
1945–present Saudi Arabia House of Saud[56][57][58]
1999–present Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa[59]
1995–2013 Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani[60]
1970–present Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said[58]
1954–present Jordan Hashemite Dynasty[61][62][63]
1994–present United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates[64]
1961–1999 Morocco King Hassan II[65]
1969–1985 Sudan Gaafar Nimeiry[66]
1980–1990 Liberia Samuel Doe[67]
1991–2012 Ethiopia Meles Zenawi[48]
1979–present Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[48]
1965–1997 Zaire, Democratic Republic of the Congo Mobutu Sese Seko[68][69]
1982–1990 Chad Hissène Habré[70]
1981–2011 Egypt Hosni Mubarak[71]
2012–2013 Egypt Mohamed Morsi[72]
1990–present Chad Idriss Déby[73]
1986–present Uganda Yoweri Museveni[74]
1987–2011 Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[75]
2000–present Rwanda Paul Kagame[76]
1936–1975 Spain Francisco Franco[77] At times opposed diplomatically because of fascist leanings. See: Francoist Spain.
1933–1974 Portugal António de Oliveira Salazar[78]
1941–1945 Soviet Union Joseph Stalin[79] Later considered an enemy of the US. See Cold War.
1967–1974 Greece Greek military junta[80]
1980–1989 Turkey Turkish military junta[81]
1955–1980 Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito[82]
1969–1989 Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu[83][84]
1941–1975 Republic of China Chiang Kai-Shek[85]
1948–1957 Thailand Plaek Phibunsongkhram[86]







41°0′22.19″N 28°58′38.66″E / 41.0061639°N 28.9774056°E / 41.0061639; 28.9774056

2016年1月伊斯坦布尔爆炸事件
位置土耳其伊斯坦布尔
日期2016年1月12日
目標外国游客
類型自杀式炸弹袭击
死亡10[87]
受傷15[87]
疑犯 伊斯蘭國


On 12 January 2016 at 10:20 local time, there was a suicide attack in Istanbul's historic Sultanahmet Square district, close to the Blue Mosque, which is an area that is popular among tourists.[88][89][90] The explosion killed at least 10 people and another 15 were injured.[87][91][92][93]







阿拉伯联邦


美国曾经过正在支持的威权政体列表


拉丁美洲

[[File:Nixon-Médici.gif|thumb|right|220px|时任巴西总统奥米利奥·梅迪西（左）和理查德·尼克松，1971年12月。引用错误：没有找到与<ref>对应的</ref>标签[94]，并且认为所有的乐器都应当被摧毁。[95]

  • 沙斐仪派学者禁止对任何有生命的物体进行描绘、绘画。[96][97][98]
  • 历史上曾有沙斐仪学派的文献批准过女性割礼，而沙斐仪学派的创始人认为男性和女性都有接受割礼的义务。[99][100]
  • 沙斐仪学派禁止剃须，而其他学派只是不提倡。[101]

值得注意的是，不同穆斯林社区实行伊斯兰教法的严格程度有所差异，部分社区只实行教法的部分方面，如婚姻、继承等。[102][103][104]


沙斐仪学派著名人物

  1. ^ Biography of Porfirio Diaz. About.com
  2. ^ Herring, Hubert Clinton. A History of Latin America from the Beginnings to the Present. Knopf. 1961: 339 [10 August 2014]. 
  3. ^ Joseph, Gilbert M. Latin America's Long Cold War: A Century of Revolutionary Processes and U.S. Power. Grandin, Greg (编). A Century of Revolution: Insurgent & Counterinsurgent violence during Latin America's long cold war. Durham & London: Duke University Press: 403–404. 2010. ISBN 978-0-8223-4737-8. 
  4. ^ Noam Chomsky. Hegemony or Survival. p. 64
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Forster, Cindy. The Time of "Freedom": San Marcos Coffee Workers and the Radicalization of the Guatemalan National Revolution, 1944-1954. Radical History Review. 1994, 58: 35–78. doi:10.1215/01636545-1994-58-35. 
  6. ^ Chase, Michelle. Grandin, Greg, & Joseph, Gilbert M. , 编. The Trials. Duke University Press. 2010: 164–198. 
  7. ^ Thomas M. Leonard (ed). Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3. p. 1572.
  8. ^ Blanton, William (editor) (编), Memorandum for the Executive Secretary, CIA Management Committee. Subject: Potentially Embarrassing Agency Activities, George Washington University National Security Archives Electronic Briefing Book No. 222, "The CIA's Family Jewels", 8 May 1973 
  9. ^ MCallister, Carlota. Grandin, Greg, & Joseph, Gilbert M. , 编. A Headlong Rush Into the Future. Duke University Press. 2010: 276–309. 
  10. ^ Ríos Montt Genocide Verdict Annulled, But Activists Ensure US-Backed Crimes Will Never Be Forgotten. Democracy Now! May 23, 2013.
  11. ^ Larsen, Neil. Thoughts on Violence and Modernity. Grandin, Greg (编). A Century of Revolution: Insurgent & Counterinsurgent violence during Latin America's long cold war. Durham & London: Duke University Press: 381, 391. 2010. ISBN 978-0-8223-4737-8. 
  12. ^ Hugo Banzer. The Guardian. 5 May 2002.
  13. ^ Feitlowitz, Marguerite. A Lexicon of Terror. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. 
  14. ^ Adam Taylor (10 December 2014). Brazil’s torture report brings a president to tears. The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
    • "Notably, the report found that the United States had spent years teaching the torture techniques to the Brazilian military during that period."
  15. ^ Laurence Whitehead (ed). The International Dimensions of Democratization : Europe and the Americas. p. 148
  16. ^ Gould, Jeffrey. Grandin, Greg, & Joseph, Gilbert M. , 编. On the Road to "El Porvenir". Duke University Press. 2010: 87–120. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Nicholls, David. "Haiti since 1930", in Leslie Bethell, Ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America. 1st ed. Vol. 7. Cambridge: 1990. 545-578.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 R.M. Koster and Guillermo Sánchez, In the Time of Tyrants, Panama: 1968-1990. (NY and London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1990), Ch. 4.
  19. ^ Diana Jean Schemo (16 August 2006). Stroessner, Paraguay’s Enduring Dictator, Dies. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  20. ^ Alex Henderson (February 4, 2015). 7 Fascist Regimes Enthusiastically Supported by America. Alternet. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  21. ^ Winn, Peter. Grandin, Greg, & Joseph, Gilbert M. , 编. Furies of the Andes. Duke University Press. 2010: 239–272. 
  22. ^ Thomas M. Leonard (ed). Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3. p. 1365
  23. ^ Azerbaijan. freedomhouse.org. 
  24. ^ Azerbaijan-US Relations. azconsulatela.org. 
  25. ^ Azerbaijan: An American ally in a sea of threats. The Washingtion Times. 
  26. ^ Bush and Kazakh Leader Play Up Partnership, The New York Times
  27. ^ Kazakhstan. freedomhouse.org. 
  28. ^ Pyŏng-guk Kim, Ezra F. Vogel (eds). The Park Chung Hee Era. p. 552
  29. ^ UK, BBC. Flashback: The Kwangju massacre. BBC. [22 April 2014P]. 
  30. ^ Prados, John. JFK and the Diem Coup. George Washington University. [13 December 2013]. 
  31. ^ David P. Chandler, A history of Cambodia, Westview Press; Allen & Unwin, Boulder, Sydney, 1992
  32. ^ John McLeod. The History of India.p. 152
  33. ^ Bass, Gary J. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York, NY: Knopf. 2013. ISBN 978-0-307-70020-9. 
  34. ^ Precht, Henry. Ayatollah Realpolitik. Foreign Policy. 1988, (70): 109–128. 
  35. ^ CIA Admits To Iran 1953 Coup, But Revelations Unlikely To Thaw US-Tehran Relations. International Business Times. August 19, 2013.
  36. ^ The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24
  37. ^ The Philippines: The Marcos Years. Gwu.edu. [2014-08-10]. 
  38. ^ FRONTLINE/WORLD . Philippines - Islands Under Siege . A Conflicted Land: Rebellions, Wars and Insurgencies in the Philippines - 1965-1986: The Marcos Years. PBS. [2014-08-10]. 
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Exclusive: CIA Files Prove America Helped Saddam as He Gassed Iran. Foreign Policy. August 26, 2013.
  40. ^ Former Indonesian Dictator, US Ally & Mass Murderer, Suharto, 86, Dies. Democracy Now! 28 January 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  41. ^ Kai Thaler (December 2, 2015). 50 years ago today, American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia. Here’s what that means for today. The Washington Post. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Singapore. freedomhouse.org. 
  43. ^ Prime Minister Singapore Addressed Joint Session - Video - C-SPAN.org. C-SPAN.org. 
  44. ^ Brunei. U.S. Department of State. 
  45. ^ Southeast Asian Development. 
  46. ^ Brunei. freedomhouse.org. 
  47. ^ Kate Hodal. Brunei to bring in tough new sharia law. the Guardian. 
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 Rothkopf, David. America's Unsavory Allies. Foreignpolicy.com. [2014-08-10]. 
  49. ^ Craig Whitlock. U.S. military to participate in major exercise in Thailand despite coup. Washington Post. 7 February 2015. 
  50. ^ Paul Gottinger and Ken Klippenstein. US Arms Still Flowing to Thailand Despite Recent Coup. Truthout. 
  51. ^ The struggle for Syria The Syrian people are being sacrificed at the altar of US imperialism, says author.,
  52. ^ 1949-1958, Syria: Early Experiments in Cover Action, Douglas Little, Professor, Department of History, Clark University
  53. ^ Moubayed, Sami M. Damascus Between Democracy and Dictatorship. University Press of America. 2000: 84–87. ISBN 9780761817444. 
  54. ^ Matthew Yglesias. Are Kissinger's Critics Anti-Semitic?. The Atlantic. 2008-05-28 [2009-12-21]. 
  55. ^ Kasinof, Laura; Sanger, David E. U.S. Shifts to Seek Removal of Yemen’s Leader, an Ally. The New York Times. 3 April 2011 [13 August 2014]. 
  56. ^ Josh Rogin. America's Allies Are Funding ISIS. The Daily Beast. [2014-08-10]. 
  57. ^ US support for human rights abroad: The case of Saudi Arabia. CSMonitor.com. 2014-01-28 [2014-08-10]. 
  58. ^ 58.0 58.1 5 dictators the U.S. still supports. The Week. [2014-08-10]. 
  59. ^ Chick, Kristen. US resumes arms sales to Bahrain. Activists feel abandoned. The Christian Science Monitor. 14 May 2012 [13 August 2014]. 
  60. ^ Gaza conflict spotlights role of Qatar, the Hamas-funding U.S. ally. JNS.org. 
  61. ^ Justin Elliott. What other dictators does the U.S. support?. salon.com. 
  62. ^ U.S. Relations With Jordan. U.S. Department of State. 
  63. ^ Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations, Jeremy M. Sharp, March 2015
  64. ^ Reliable Allies for 41 Years. uae-embassy.org. 
  65. ^ In 1777 during the American Revolution, Morocco became the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation. The US has had supportive relations with Morocco since. This included the US providing weapons systems to Morocco during the Cold War and since. Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco. www.whitehouse.gov. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. November 22, 2013 [2014-07-02]. 
  66. ^ Large, Daniel. Ryle, John , 编. The Sudan Handbook. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 2011: 168. 
  67. ^ Liberia. Human Rights Watch World Report 1990. Human Rights Watch. [13 August 2014]. 
  68. ^ Mobutu, Zairian Dictator for 32 Years, Dies in Exile. The Los Angeles Times. September 08, 1997
  69. ^ David F. Schmitz. The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. p. 9
  70. ^ U.S.-Backed Chadian Dictator Hissène Habré Faces War Crimes Trial in Historic Win for His Victims. Democracy Now! July 2, 2013.
  71. ^ Knell, Yolande. The complicated legacy of Egypt's Hosni Mubarak. BBC News. [17 December 2014]. 
  72. ^ US in bind over Egypt after supporting Morsi but encouraging protesters. The Guardian. 3 July 2015 [21 July 2015]. 
  73. ^ Ketil Fred Hansen. Chad’s relations with Libya, Sudan, France and the US / Publications / Africa / Regions / Home - NOREF. Peacebuilding.no. [2014-08-10]. 
  74. ^ Stephanie McCrummen. U.S. Policy in Africa Faulted on Priorities: Security Is Stressed Over Democracy. Washington Post. February 22, 2008 [2009-12-22]. 
  75. ^ Ben Ali Tunisia was model US client - Opinion. Al Jazeera English. [2014-08-10]. 
  76. ^ Sundaram, Anjan. The Darling Tyrant. POLITICO Magazine (March/April 2014). [13 August 2014]. 
  77. ^ Scott, Herb. 1.5 million cheer Nixon in Madrid. Stars and Stripes. October 3, 1970. 'We in the United States feel grateful to Spain and Spanish culture, which contributed so much to American life,' Nixon said in brief remarks interrupted by screaming jetliners moving into position at Madrid's Barajas Airport. 'Particularly in the past 10 years,' he continued, 'we have seen increased cooperation between the United States and Spain.' 
  78. ^ Raby, David L. Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941–1974. 1988: 166. 
  79. ^ The Soviet Union received substantial support from the U.S.after Nazi Germany invaded in Operation Barbarossa in 1941 to the end of the war in 1943, per the version of the Wikipedia articles accessed 2015-04-18 (and many other sources).
  80. ^ Clinton concedes regret for U.S. support of Greek junta. The Topeka Capital-Journal. November 21, 1999.
  81. ^ Birand, Mehmet Ali. 12 Eylül, Saat: 04.00, 1984, pg. 1
  82. ^ United States gives military and economic aid to communist Yugoslavia. HISTORY.com. 
  83. ^ Ceausescu and the West. zcomm.org. 
  84. ^ Ceausescu`s Romania Was Once A Pet Of U.s.. tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 
  85. ^ The Chinese Revolution of 1949 - 1945–1952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. 
  86. ^ Embracing the “enemy”: some aspects of the mutual relations between the United States and Thailand under field marshal Phibunsongkhram, 1948–1957
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Istanbul tourist district hit by deadly blast. 
  88. ^ Explosion in central Istanbul - BBC News. BBC News. [12 January 2016] （英国英语）. 
  89. ^ Deadly Blast Hits Istanbul Square. NBC News. [12 January 2016]. 
  90. ^ Press, Associated. Reports: several injured in explosion in Istanbul. The Washington Post. 12 January 2016 [12 January 2016] （美国英语）. 
  91. ^ Explosion in Istanbul's Sultanahmet Square leaves 10 dead, 15 injured. Daily Sabah. 12 January 2016 [12 January 2016]. 
  92. ^ Explosion at İstanbul’s historic square kills 10, media ban imposed. TodaysZaman. 12 January 2016 [12 January 2016]. 
  93. ^ Reuters Editorial. Ten dead, fifteen wounded in Istanbul blast: governor's office. Reuters. 12 January 2016 [12 January 2016]. 
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  97. ^ Zaky Hassan (1944), The attitude of Islam towards painting, Bulletin of the Faculty ofArts (Cairo University), Vol. 7, pp. 1-15
  98. ^ Isa Salman (1969), Islam and figurative arts, Sumer, Vol. 25, pp. 59-96
  99. ^ Anne Meneley (1996), Tournaments of Value: Sociability and Hierarchy in a Yemeni Town, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0802078681, p. 84, footnote 8
  100. ^
  101. ^ Reliance of the Traveller - Page 58, Nuh Mim Keller - 1994
  102. ^ Islam: Governing under Sharia Toni Johnson and Mohammed Aly Sergie, Council on Foreign Relations (2013)
  103. ^ Amanat & Griffel (2007), SHARI’A: ISLAMIC LAW IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0804756396
  104. ^ I have a right to. BBC World Service. [24 February 2013]. 
  105. ^ Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali, The Mystic, p. 47
  106. ^ Lyons & Jackson 1982，第41頁
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