草稿:反芻性思考
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[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_(psychology)
反芻性思考是集中注意力於個人精神痛苦的症狀上。1998年,苏姗·诺伦-霍克西玛提出了反應風格理論(Response Styles Theory),[2][3] 這是目前最廣泛使用的反反芻性維概念化模型。然而,其他理論也提出了不同的反芻性定義。例如,在目標進展理論中,反芻被定義為一種「對未能朝著目標取得滿意進展的反應」[4],而不是對心境的反應。[5]根據多項研究,反芻性思考是一種機制,它發展並維持諸如焦慮、憂鬱和其他負面精神病理學狀態。反芻性思考有一些已定義的模型,主要透過測量工具來解釋。[6] 存在多種工具用以測量反芻性思考。專門針對反芻性思考模式的治療仍處於發展的初期階段。[7]
理論
反應風格理論
反應風格理論(RST)最初將反芻定義為被動且重複地集中於個人憂鬱症狀及這些症狀的可能原因與後果。[8] 作為這一定義的證據,反芻已被發現與憂鬱症狀的發展、維持和加劇有關。[9][10] 以及重度憂鬱症的發作[11] 最近,反應風格理論(RST)已將反芻的定義從憂鬱症擴展到包括對個人心理困擾的原因、後果和症狀的被動且重複的集中注意。這一變化是因為反刍已與許多心理障礙有關,而不僅限於憂鬱症。[12][2]
最近,反應風格理論(RST)已將反芻的定義從憂鬱症擴展到包括對個人心理困擾的原因、後果和症狀的被動且重複的集中注意。這一變化是因為反刍已與許多心理障礙有關,而不僅限於憂鬱症。[13] 然而,文獻指出,積極的轉移注意力可能並不像先前所認為的那樣有效。[12][2]
具體來說,S-REF模型將反芻定義為由於試圖應對 自我差異而產生的重複性思維,這些思維主要集中於處理與 自我相關的資訊內容,而非立即的目標導向行動。」[14]
簡單來說,當一個人反芻時,他們會試圖回答以下問題:
- 我對這個事件的感受是什麼?
- 我該如何改變對這個事件的想法和感受?
- 我該如何防止未來出現困擾的想法和感受?
然而,在回答這些問題時,反芻者往往更專注於自己的情緒(即「自我參照信息」),而不是問題解決(即「以目標為導向的行動」)。[14]
後設認知也是S-REF模型中的一個重要部分,幫助解釋反芻與抑鬱之間的聯繫。[8]具體來說,那些持有「正向元認知信念」的人認為反芻能幫助理解負面思想和情緒,或確保防止相同情緒的發生。[15] 這些人或許最初會因為強烈的毅力而積極參與反芻。[16] 然而,那些曾經積極從事正向反芻行為的人,在遇到負面情緒時,更可能將反芻當作應對機制來使用。這會使個體將反芻視為令人不快、難以控制且「對社會有害」的行為。[16][17] 反芻還有一種傾向,即隨著情緒在身體中的上升而放大,從而開始抑鬱的 downward-moving spiral(向下螺旋)。[18] 個體的「負向後設認知信念」隨後會促進抑鬱的發展和維持。[16]
目標進展理論
Goal Progress Theory,簡稱GPT),有時也被稱為控制理論,旨在解釋反芻作為目標進展的結果。具體來說,GPT將反芻視為蔡加尼克效應(Zeigarnik Effect)的一個例子,該效應表明,個體更可能記住未完成任務的信息,而非已完成任務的信息。這表明,個體更有可能記住未完成任務的信息,而非已完成任務的信息。[4][12] 基於這一理解,目標進展理論(GPT)將反芻定義為「反覆思考尚未達成的重要高階目標」或對於尚未取得足夠進展的目標的思考傾向。 [12][19]
GPT預測,那些與目標相關的信息容易被提取的個體,更可能進行反芻。各種研究支持了這一預測。然而,這種反芻更集中於問題解決,而不是由反芻-焦點理論(RST)所描述的反芻。[20]
病理學
大量關於反芻或自我反思的研究表明,負向反芻(與煩躁相關)會干擾人們集中精力解決問題的能力,並導致過度沉溺於對過去失敗的負面思維中。[21] 來自研究的證據表明,反芻的負面影響源於認知偏差,如記憶偏差和注意力偏差,這些偏差使反芻者傾向於選擇性地將注意力集中在負面刺激上。[22]
反芻的有機原因尚未完全理解。研究已經發現大腦預設模式網路(default mode network)中的某些區域會被激活,這些區域被認為是反芻的神經基質,但關於反芻的腦成像研究仍然有限。[23]
負向反芻的傾向是一個隨時間穩定存在的常數,並且是臨床抑鬱的重要風險因素。習慣性反芻者不僅更容易變得抑鬱,實驗研究也表明,當人們被誘導進行反芻時,他們會經歷更強烈的抑鬱情緒。[9] 也有證據表明,反芻與一般焦慮、創傷後壓力症、暴飲、飲食失調和自我傷害行為有關。[2] 研究表明,反芻與非自殺性自我傷害的頻率較高有所關聯,並且與有過非自殺性自我傷害歷史的關聯更為密切。[24]
最初,反芻被認為能預測抑鬱症狀的持續時間。換句話說,反芻問題被認為是一種記憶複述的形式,這種方式被認為實際上會延長抑鬱的經歷。然而,目前的證據表明,儘管反芻會促進抑鬱,但它不一定與症狀的持續時間相關。[2]
關於管控功能與反芻之間關係的研究結果不一。一些研究觀察到反芻與兩種執行功能能力——轉換設置(set-shifting)和抑制(inhibition)之間存在負相關 (機率論),但這些關係的強度尚不明確。[25][26] 另有一項研究則只發現反芻與一項執行功能之間存在關聯,具體而言,是指從工作記憶中丟棄過去信息的能力。[27] 然而,其他研究則未發現反芻與工作記憶之間存在關聯。[25][26]
類型
反芻的理論根據各自的概念化對反芻思維的內容有不同的預測。一些模型提出,反芻主要集中在負面情緒狀態和/或與該情緒相關的情境上(如反芻-焦點理論(RST)、對悲傷的反芻、五因素模型等)。[28] 負向認知風格(negative cognitive style)[29] 社交恐懼症(social phobia)[30] 其他模型則將反芻集中於個體當前狀態與理想狀態之間的差異(例如目標進展模型、反芻的概念性評價模型)。最後,還有一些模型認為,最重要的是元認知中的負向主題,特別是關於不可控制性和傷害的觀念。[2] ome common thoughts that are characteristic of ruminative responses are questioning the well-being of oneself and focusing on the possible causes and consequences of one's depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). For example, some ruminative thoughts include "why am I such a loser", "I'm in such a bad mood" or "I just don't feel like doing anything" [13]
反芻有幾種類型
- 行動反芻(Action rumination),指的是以目標達成和糾正錯誤為中心的任務導向思維過程。[31]
- 事件後處理(Post-event processing),是指對社交失敗或尷尬的活動或情境進行反覆詳盡的回顧,並將這些事件視為比實際情況更負面或引發焦慮,並通過反覆回憶類似的偏見記憶來加強這種感覺[30][33]
- 壓力反應性反芻(Stress-reactive rumination) ,是指的是對由特定壓力事件引發的痛苦經歷進行詳盡的回顧,並且通過認知偏差將這些事件記憶為比實際情況更具壓力的事件,同時觸發抑鬱情緒[29][34]
測量
有多種工具用於測量反芻,這些包括以下幾種:
反芻反應量表(Ruminative Responses Scale, RRS)
反芻的傾向可以通過《反應風格問卷》(Response Styles Questionnaire)中的反芻反應量表(Ruminative Responses Scale, RRS)來評估。這個量表主要用來測量個體在情緒困擾時反芻的頻率和方式,特別是對負面情緒的反應。量表包括多個項目,這些項目評估了個體是否傾向於反覆思考情緒的原因、後果,或是僅僅專注於情緒本身。[35][36] 在這個測量中,個體被要求在感到悲傷或沮喪時,指出他們有多頻繁地從事22種反芻的思維或行為。這些項目涵蓋了各種反芻的表現,包括對情緒的持續思考、對過去事件的回顧,或對未來可能情境的擔憂。這有助於評估反芻行為的頻率及其與情緒困擾的關聯。
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