2023年危地马拉大选
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总统选举 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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议会选举 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
共和国议会凡一百六十席 获得绝对多数需要81席 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
此为赢得议席的政党列表,详情请见下文。 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2023年危地马拉大选是危地马拉一场伴随政治风波的大选。与往次大选类似,总统及议会均将被选出。然而,国际媒体注意到是次选举遭到了该国保守派势力两个层面的全过程干预,却仍然产生一些出乎预期的结果,地区大国美国更是对是次选举中的异常状况罕见的对危地马拉提出警告。
选举干预
选举前该国对法制与新闻自由的迫害已加剧(如调查腐败的法官遭总检察长迫害而流亡国外,联合国专员遭到骚扰等),并受到联合国和欧盟的批评。
参选人注册也受到了广泛批评,危地马拉最高选举法院以副总统参选人Jordán Rodas的“合法性问题”含糊其辞地拒绝了在土著人民社群中颇受欢迎的政党争取人民解放运动总统参选人,并引发公民广泛抗议。[1][2]在土著民族聚居的农村地区,用废票抵制议会及第一轮总统选举的比例甚高,由于对选举公正性失去了信心,在全国范围内也有24%的废票。[3][4]
然而,即便是被审核通过的“种子运动”党参选团队,在第一轮被向选举妥协的城市居民选出后仍遭到建制派的第二轮反扑。包含将与种子运动党在第二轮角逐总统的“全国希望团结”党在内的十个政党在选举初步结果公布一周之后方才对选举结果提出的“选举舞弊”调查请求被危地马拉宪法法院接受,致使该国最高选举法院不定期延迟了对首轮选举结果的认证。[5]7月12日,总检甚至宣布法官Fredy Orellana已在其要求下基于建党注册时的假签名指控中止2017年即已注册的种子运动党的合法地位,试图以次避免其总统候选人进入第二轮。[6]在仅存的剩余民主受到威胁后,危地马拉市民走上街头抗议司法系统对选举的干预。[7]选举观察员、联合国、美洲国家组织及欧盟施压危地马拉司法系统尊重毫无舞弊证据的选举结果,连同美英两国都加入施压行列声称坚决捍卫“危地马拉的民主”。[5][8][9][10][11]
尽管中止种子运动政党地位法律行动隔日即被宪法法院因《选举与政党法》第92条“选举期间不得中止已参选政党的政党地位”推翻,直至一个月之后第二轮选举前两天最高法才永久性推翻这一行动。[12]
选举结果
此section缺少有關sources for seat count(s)的信息。 (2023年6月1日) |
总统
尽管是次选举不承诺多民族主义的种子运动参选人阿雷瓦洛到第二轮角逐也未能大量争取到北方横断带土著社群的选票[13],且第二轮选举投票率远低于往届选举,但经历了第一轮选举之后的风波后在土著人民聚居的农村选区已鲜少有人用废票或白票抵制第二轮选举。托雷斯凭借其昔日在土著社群的长期经营仍吸纳了参与投票的部分土著人民的大量选票,但由于其在城市地区声望极低,阿雷瓦洛如预期当选总统。
候选人 | 竞选搭档 | 政党 | 第一轮 | 第二轮 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
票数 | % | 票数 | % | ||||
Sandra Torres | Romeo Guerra | 全国希望联盟 | 881,592 | 20.98 | 1,567,472 | 39.10 | |
贝尔纳多·阿雷瓦洛 | Karin Herrera | 种子运动 | 654,534 | 15.58 | 2,441,661 | 60.90 | |
Manuel Conde Orellana | Luis Antonio Suárez | Vamos (Guatemala) | 435,631 | 10.37 | |||
Armando Castillo (politician) | Édgar Grisolia | Vision with Values | 404,059 | 9.61 | |||
Edmond Mulet | Máximo Santa Cruz | Cabal (political party) | 371,857 | 8.85 | |||
Zury Ríos | Héctor Cifuentes | Valor (political party)–統一黨 | 365,028 | 8.69 | |||
Manuel Villacorta | Jorge Mario García España | Will, Opportunity and Solidarity | 238,686 | 5.68 | |||
Giovanni Reyes | Óscar Figueroa | Bienestar Nacional | 141,714 | 3.37 | |||
Amílcar Rivera | Fernando Mazariegos | Victory (political party) | 135,591 | 3.23 | |||
Amílcar Pop | Mónica Enríquez | 温纳克–危民革联–玉米 | 87,676 | 2.09 | |||
Ricardo Sagastume | Guillermo González | Todos (political party) | 76,582 | 1.82 | |||
Rudy Guzmán | Diego González | Nosotros (political party) | 66,116 | 1.57 | |||
Isaac Farchi | Mauricio Zaldaña | Blue Party (Guatemala) | 61,472 | 1.46 | |||
Julio Rivera | José Urrutia | My Family | 46,092 | 1.10 | |||
Francisco Arredondo | Francisco Bermúdez | Commitment, Renewal and Order | 41,948 | 1.00 | |||
Giulio Talamonti | Óscar Barrientos | Republican Union (Guatemala) | 40,358 | 0.96 | |||
Hugo Peña | Hugo Johnson | Elephant Community | 39,271 | 0.93 | |||
Rudio Lecsan Mérida | Rubén Darío Rosales | Humanist Party of Guatemala | 34,285 | 0.82 | |||
Rafael Espada | Arturo Herrador | Republican Party (Guatemala) | 32,139 | 0.76 | |||
Sammy Morales | Miguel Ángel Moir | National Convergence Front | 22,316 | 0.53 | |||
Álvaro Trujillo | Miguel Ángel Ibarra | Cambio (political party) | 17,715 | 0.42 | |||
Luis Lam Padilla | Otto Marroquín | National Integration Party (Guatemala) | 7,780 | 0.19 | |||
总共 | 4,202,442 | 100.00 | 4,009,133 | 100.00 | |||
有效票数 | 4,202,442 | 75.62 | 4,009,133 | 95.25 | |||
无效票数 | 966,389 | 17.39 | 147,165 | 3.50 | |||
空白票数 | 388,442 | 6.99 | 52,687 | 1.25 | |||
总票数 | 5,557,273 | 100.00 | 4,208,985 | 100.00 | |||
已登记选民/投票率 | 9,249,794 | 60.08 | 9,361,068 | 44.96 | |||
资料来源:TSE (首轮;99.13%票已计) TSE (次轮;已100%完成计票) |
国会
政党或政党联盟 | National | District | 总席数 | +/– | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
票数 | % | 席数 | 票数 | % | 席数 | ||||||
Vamos (Guatemala) | 628,126 | 15.06 | 6 | 696,325 | 15.54 | 33 | 39 | +23 | |||
全国希望团结 | 538,010 | 12.90 | 5 | 571,867 | 12.76 | 23 | 28 | –26 | |||
种子运动 | 488,692 | 11.72 | 5 | 430,297 | 9.60 | 18 | 23 | +16 | |||
Cabal (political party) | 371,215 | 8.90 | 3 | 401,035 | 8.95 | 15 | 18 | New | |||
Vision with Values | 288,546 | 6.92 | 3 | 258,605 | 5.77 | 8 | 11 | +4 | |||
Valor (political party)–統一黨 | Valor–Unionist | 229,861 | 5.51 | 2 | 124,133 | 2.77 | 3 | 5 | New | ||
Valor (political party) | – | 197,538 | 4.41 | 7 | 7 | –2 | |||||
統一黨 | – | 22,363 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |||||
Will, Opportunity and Solidarity | 186,438 | 4.47 | 1 | 178,750 | 3.99 | 3 | 4 | New | |||
Todos (political party) | 169,101 | 4.05 | 1 | 198,893 | 4.44 | 5 | 6 | –1 | |||
危民革联–玉米–温纳克 | 危民革联–玉米–温纳克 | 133,694 | 3.21 | 1 | 25,013 | 0.56 | 0 | 1 | New | ||
温纳克 | – | 76,137 | 1.70 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |||||
民革联 | – | 87,687 | 1.96 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |||||
Nosotros (political party) | 131,217 | 3.15 | 1 | 138,742 | 3.10 | 2 | 3 | New | |||
Victory (political party) | 124,946 | 3.00 | 1 | 126,830 | 2.83 | 2 | 3 | – | |||
Bienestar Nacional | 112,742 | 2.70 | 1 | 121,488 | 2.71 | 3 | 4 | –4 | |||
Blue Party (Guatemala) | 98,487 | 2.36 | 1 | 109,802 | 2.45 | 1 | 2 | New | |||
Elephant Community | 95,435 | 2.29 | 1 | 90,040 | 2.01 | 1 | 2 | New | |||
我们能党 | 86,475 | 2.07 | 0 | 87,011 | 1.94 | 0 | 0 | –1 | |||
Commitment, Renewal and Order | 84,667 | 2.03 | 0 | 102,421 | 2.29 | 3 | 3 | –3 | |||
争取人民解放运动 | 74,802 | 1.79 | 0 | 81,142 | 1.81 | 0 | 0 | –1 | |||
Humanist Party of Guatemala | 61,564 | 1.48 | 0 | 72,059 | 1.61 | 0 | 0 | –6 | |||
Cambio (political party) | 52,754 | 1.26 | 0 | 87,821 | 1.96 | 1 | 1 | New | |||
National Advancement Party | 45,940 | 1.10 | 0 | 41,594 | 0.93 | 0 | 0 | –2 | |||
My Family | 45,402 | 1.09 | 0 | 44,576 | 0.99 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Republican Union (Guatemala) | 34,982 | 0.84 | 0 | 34,159 | 0.76 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
National Convergence Front | 28,827 | 0.69 | 0 | 29,386 | 0.66 | 0 | 0 | –8 | |||
Guatemalan People's Party | 23,837 | 0.57 | 0 | 12,672 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Republican Party (Guatemala) | 21,658 | 0.52 | 0 | 20,115 | 0.45 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
National Integration Party (Guatemala) | 13,927 | 0.33 | 0 | 12,416 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
总共 | 4,171,345 | 100.00 | 32 | 4,480,917 | 100.00 | 128 | 160 | – | |||
资料来源:TSE (99.13% counted, national votes) TSE |
中美洲议会
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
政党 | 票数 | % | 席数 | +/– | |||
Vamos (Guatemala) | 655,906 | 17.75 | 5 | +2 | |||
全国希望联盟 | 594,918 | 16.10 | 4 | –1 | |||
种子运动 | 425,629 | 11.52 | 3 | +2 | |||
Vision with Values | 274,193 | 7.42 | 2 | +1 | |||
Valor (political party)–統一黨 | 256,291 | 6.94 | 2 | +1 | |||
Todos (political party) | 166,509 | 4.51 | 1 | – | |||
Will, Opportunity and Solidarity | 155,181 | 4.20 | 1 | +1 | |||
Nosotros (political party) | 131,284 | 3.55 | 1 | +1 | |||
Victory (political party) | 120,106 | 3.25 | 1 | +1 | |||
民革联–温纳克 | 118,998 | 3.22 | 0 | –2 | |||
Bienestar Nacional | 108,030 | 2.92 | 0 | – | |||
Elephant Community | 100,932 | 2.73 | 0 | – | |||
Blue Party (Guatemala) | 95,540 | 2.59 | 0 | – | |||
我们能党 | 86,116 | 2.33 | 0 | – | |||
Commitment, Renewal and Order | 81,892 | 2.22 | 0 | –1 | |||
Humanist Party of Guatemala | 70,219 | 1.90 | 0 | – | |||
Cambio (political party) | 55,276 | 1.50 | 0 | – | |||
My Family | 48,948 | 1.32 | 0 | – | |||
National Advancement Party | 41,712 | 1.13 | 0 | – | |||
Republican Union (Guatemala) | 34,415 | 0.93 | 0 | – | |||
National Convergence Front | 28,930 | 0.78 | 0 | –2 | |||
Guatemalan People's Party | 23,435 | 0.63 | 0 | – | |||
Republican Party (Guatemala) | 20,666 | 0.56 | 0 | – | |||
总共 | 3,695,126 | 100.00 | 20 | – | |||
有效票数 | 3,695,126 | 65.83 | |||||
无效票数 | 1,272,521 | 22.67 | |||||
空白票数 | 645,511 | 11.50 | |||||
总票数 | 5,613,158 | 100.00 | |||||
资料来源:TSE (99.10% percent counted) |
媒体
选举前,各路媒体及分析人士普遍看好民调较高的极右翼候选人Zury Rios,[14]一些国际媒体关注多名参选人遭无端拒绝参选的问题;第一轮选举完成后,Zury Rios低票落选,英文国际媒体及分析人士开始关注腐败的司法系统干预选举及高废票率的问题。
中文媒体则比较关注台湾而非危地马拉的国内问题,如法广以《危地马拉举行总统大选 日媒:亲台派暂居上风》为题展开报道[15];中共党媒则例行报道选举程序本身而不深入該国国内政治亦不涉及对台湾问题的影响。[16]
参考文献
- ^ Guatemala: caso a caso de candidatos rechazados o admitidos. Los Angeles Times. 2023-02-24. (原始内容存档于2023-06-28) (西班牙语).
- ^ Guatemala: Múltiples protestas contra tribunal electoral. Voz de América. 2023-03-16 [2023-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-26) (西班牙语).
- ^ Pérez D., Sonia; Sherman, Christopher. Guatemala voters send 2 presidential candidates on opposite sides of political spectrum to a runoff. 美联社. 2023-06-26 [2023-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-19).
- ^ Troubled Guatemala headed for runoff after inconclusive election. 法蘭西24. 法新社. 2023-06-26 [2023-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-28).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Guatemala's high court steps into election, suspends release of official results. AP. 2023-07-02 [2023-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-08).
- ^ Juzgado ordena la suspensión de la personalidad jurídica del Movimiento Semilla.. Prensa Libre. 2023-07-12 [2023-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-13) (西班牙语).
- ^ Guatemalans protest government interference in August's election. NBC News. [2023-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-05).
- ^ Guatemala court orders presidential ballot review, opposition cries foul. Reuters. 2023-07-01 [2023-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-19).
- ^ Guatemala election: Court orders probe after surprise result. Deutsche Welle. 2023-07-02 [2023-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-26).
- ^ US warns against efforts to interfere with Guatemala election result. The Guardian. 2023-07-03 [2023-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-06).
- ^ Secretario General de la ONU sigue "con preocupación" la situación electoral en Guatemala. Swiss Info. 2023-07-03 [2023-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-27) (西班牙语).
- ^ Guatemala court permanently blocks suspension of Seed Movement party ahead of Sunday's election. 华盛顿邮报.
- ^ Ollantay Itzamná. Guatemala: Why doesn’t Semilla support plurinationality in a multicultural country? [危地马拉:在一个文化多元的社会中种子运动为何未能支持多民族运动?]. 危地马拉城. Pressenza国际通讯社. 2023-08-02 [2023-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-22) (西班牙语及英语).
- ^ Zury Ríos Campaigns to Lead Guatemala’s Faltering Democracy. [2023-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-06).
- ^ 危地马拉举行总统大选 日媒:亲台派暂居上风. [2023-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-20).
- ^ 危地马拉举行总统选举第二轮投票. 新华网. 2023-08-21 [2023-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-20) (中文(中国大陆)).
外部链结
- 最高选举法院2023大选 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (西班牙文)