1873年恐慌
1873年恐慌(英語:Panic of 1873)是出发了1873年至1877年或1879年欧洲和北美经济萧条的金融危机,即长萧条。恐慌最初来自奥匈帝国维也纳,后扩散至欧美地区。
各地狀況
英屬印度
在美國和幾個歐洲殖民地發現大量白銀引起了1873年恐慌,從而導致白銀對黃金的價值下降,使印度的標準貨幣貶值。該事件被稱為“盧比貶值”。
開普殖民地
在開普殖民地,恐慌導致破產、失業率上升、公共工程暫停,以及一直持續到 1886 年發現黃金的重大貿易衰退。[1]
奧斯曼帝國
奧斯曼帝國的經濟也受到了影響。對外貿易增長率下降,對外貿易條件惡化,小麥價格下跌影響了農民生產者,歐洲對奧斯曼財政的控制導致了海外巨額債務支付。長期蕭條時期農業和總產的增長率也低於後期。[2]
拉丁貨幣同盟
白銀的普遍非貨幣化和貶值導致拉丁貨幣同盟在1873年暫停將白銀轉換為硬幣。[來源請求]
參考
- ^ Keith Tankard, "The Effects of the 'great depression' of the Late 19th Century on East London 1873-1887." South African Journal of Economic History (1991) 6#2 pp. 72-88.
- ^ Pamuk, Sevket. The Ottoman Empire in the 'Great Depression' of 1873–1896. Journal of Economic History. 1984, 44 (1): 107–118. S2CID 154752536. doi:10.1017/S0022050700031399.
來源
- Barreyre, Nicolas. The Politics of Economic Crises: The Panic of 1873, the End of Reconstruction, and the Realignment of American Politics. Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 2011, 10 (4): 403–423. S2CID 154493223. doi:10.1017/S1537781411000260.
- Davies, Hannah Catherine. "'Mingled in an almost inextricable confusion': the panics of 1873 and the experience of globalization." Journal of Global History 15.2 (2020): 291–309.
- Davies, Hannah Catherine. Transatlantic Speculations: Globalization and the Panics of 1873 (Columbia UP, 2018) online review (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Eyck, Erich. Bismarck and the German Empire. 1950.
- Fawcett, W. L. Gold and Debt; An American Hand-Book of Finance. Chicago, S.C. Griggs and company. 1877.
- Fels, Rendigs. The Long-Wave Depression, 1873–97. Review of Economics and Statistics. 1949, 31 (1): 69–73. JSTOR 1927196. doi:10.2307/1927196.
- Fels, Rendigs. American Business Cycles, 1865–79. American Economic Review. 1951, 41 (3): 325–349. JSTOR 1802106.
- Foner, Eric. A Short History of Reconstruction 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row. 1990. ISBN 0060964316.
- Glasner, David. Crisis of 1873. Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (编). Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. 1997: 132–133. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4.
- Kindleberger, Charles P. Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises 5th. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005: 137. ISBN 0471467146.
- Kirkland, Edward Chase. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy 1860–1897. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. 1967.
- Loomis, Noel M. Wells Fargo. 1968.
- Lubetkin, M. John. Jay Cooke's Gamble: The Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873. 2006. Focused on construction in the West.
- Lucibello, Alan. (2014) "Panic of 1873." in Daniel Leab, ed. Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions. ABC-CLIO. [2022-07-18]. ISBN 9781598849462. (原始内容存档于2022-07-18).
|time=
被忽略 (帮助) pp 227–76 - Manchester, William. The Arms of Krupp. 1968. ISBN 978-0-316-52940-2.
- Marek, George R. The Eagles Die: Franz Joseph, Elisabeth, and Their Austria. Harper & Row. 1974. ISBN 978-0-246-10880-7.
- Masur, Gerhard. Imperial Berlin. New York: Basic Books. 1970. ISBN 0465032095.
- Mixon, Peter. The Crisis of 1873: Perspectives from Multiple Asset Classes. Journal of Economic History. 2008, 68 (3): 722–757. S2CID 154329263. doi:10.1017/S0022050708000624.
- Moseley, Fred. Depression of 1873–1879. Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (编). Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia. 1997: 148–149. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4.
- Musson, A. E. The Great Depression in Britain, 1873–1896: A Reappraisal. Journal of Economic History. 1959, 19 (2): 199–228. JSTOR 2114975. S2CID 154705117. doi:10.1017/S0022050700109994.
- Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War 2. 1907: 378–430. Available載於Google圖書
- Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. A History of the United States Since the Civil War: Volume 3 1872-1878. New York, Macmillan. 1926: 69–122.
- Persons, Warren M.; Tuttle, Pierson M.; Frickey, Edwin. Business and Financial Conditions Following the Civil War in the United States. Review of Economic Statistics. 1920, 2 (Supplement 2): 5–21. JSTOR 1928610. doi:10.2307/1928610.
- Rezneck, Samuel. Distress, Relief, and Discontent in the United States during the Depression of 1873–78. Journal of Political Economy. 1950, 58 (6): 494–512. JSTOR 1827088. S2CID 153898986. doi:10.1086/257012.
- Richardson, Heather Cox. West From Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War. 2007. ISBN 978-0-300-11052-4.
- Richter, Hans Werner. Bismarck. 1962.
- Scott, Ira O., Jr. A Comparison of Production during the Depressions of 1873 and 1929. American Economic Review. 1952, 42 (4): 569–576. JSTOR 1810159.
- Sprague, Oliver Mitchell Wentworth. History of crises under the national banking system. 1910: 1–107. Available載於Google圖書
- Unger, Irwin. The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879. 1964: 213–228.
- Wheeler, Keith. The Railroaders. New York: Time-Life Books. 1973.
- White, Richard. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. Norton. 2011. ISBN 978-0-393-06126-0.
- Wicker, Elmus. Banking panics of the gilded age (Cambridge University Press, 2006) contents
年鑑
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1873 (1879)載於Google圖書
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1875 (1877)載於Google圖書
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1876 (1885)載於Google圖書
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1877 (1878)載於Google圖書