澱粉分解過程

澱粉分解過程（Amylolytic process、amylolysis）是通過酸或酶（例如澱粉酶）的作用，將澱粉轉化為糖的過程^[1]。澱粉分解過程用於從穀物中釀造酒精。由於穀物中含有澱粉，但是幾乎不含或完全不含單糖，因此通過澱粉分解工藝，從澱粉中衍生出生產酒精所需要的糖。

植物

目前已知磷酸葡聚糖磷酸酶（SEX4）、LSF1、β-澱粉酶（BAM）和澱粉脫支酶（DBE）等都參與著調控葉片支鏈澱粉的分解過程。SEX4參與調控支鏈澱粉C6或C3位點結合磷酸的水解^[2]^[3]^[4]，而LSF1參與支鏈澱粉C3位點結合磷酸的水解^[5]，並且促進可溶性葡聚糖的釋放。BAM與DBE可以催化葡聚糖分解為麥芽糖、少量的麥芽三糖和長鏈低聚麥芽糖^[6]^[7]^[8]。

參考資料

^ Eli Rogosa. Restoring Heritage Grains The Culture, Biodiversity, Resilience, and Cuisine of Ancient Wheats. Chelsea Green Publishing. 1 July 2016: 224–. ISBN 978-1-60358-671-9.
^ Kötting, O; Santelia, D; Edner, C; Eicke, S; Marthaler, T; Gentry, MS; Comparot-Moss, S; Chen, J; Smith, AM; Steup, M; Ritte, G; Zeeman, SC. STARCH-EXCESS4 is a laforin-like Phosphoglucan phosphatase required for starch degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana.. The Plant cell. 2009-01, 21 (1): 334–46 [2020-03-03]. PMID 19141707. doi:10.1105/tpc.108.064360. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.
^ Streb, S; Eicke, S; Zeeman, SC. The simultaneous abolition of three starch hydrolases blocks transient starch breakdown in Arabidopsis.. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2012-12-07, 287 (50): 41745–56 [2020-03-03]. PMID 23019330. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.395244. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.
^ Haider, MS; Barnes, JD; Cushman, JC; Borland, AM. A CAM- and starch-deficient mutant of the facultative CAM species Mesembryanthemum crystallinum reconciles sink demands by repartitioning carbon during acclimation to salinity.. Journal of experimental botany. 2012-03, 63 (5): 1985–96 [2020-03-03]. PMID 22219316. doi:10.1093/jxb/err412. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.
^ Comparot-Moss, S; Kötting, O; Stettler, M; Edner, C; Graf, A; Weise, SE; Streb, S; Lue, WL; MacLean, D; Mahlow, S; Ritte, G; Steup, M; Chen, J; Zeeman, SC; Smith, AM. A putative phosphatase, LSF1, is required for normal starch turnover in Arabidopsis leaves.. Plant physiology. 2010-02, 152 (2): 685–97 [2020-03-03]. PMID 20018601. doi:10.1104/pp.109.148981.
^ Scheidig, A; Fröhlich, A; Schulze, S; Lloyd, JR; Kossmann, J. Downregulation of a chloroplast-targeted beta-amylase leads to a starch-excess phenotype in leaves.. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology. 2002-06, 30 (5): 581–91 [2020-03-03]. PMID 12047632. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01317.x. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.
^ Hussain, H; Mant, A; Seale, R; Zeeman, S; Hinchliffe, E; Edwards, A; Hylton, C; Bornemann, S; Smith, AM; Martin, C; Bustos, R. Three isoforms of isoamylase contribute different catalytic properties for the debranching of potato glucans.. The Plant cell. 2003-01, 15 (1): 133–49 [2020-03-03]. PMID 12509527. doi:10.1105/tpc.006635. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.
^ Wattebled, F; Dong, Y; Dumez, S; Delvallé, D; Planchot, V; Berbezy, P; Vyas, D; Colonna, P; Chatterjee, M; Ball, S; D'Hulst, C. Mutants of Arabidopsis lacking a chloroplastic isoamylase accumulate phytoglycogen and an abnormal form of amylopectin.. Plant physiology. 2005-05, 138 (1): 184–95 [2020-03-03]. PMID 15849301. doi:10.1104/pp.105.059295.

[Rogosa2016-1] Eli Rogosa. Restoring Heritage Grains The Culture, Biodiversity, Resilience, and Cuisine of Ancient Wheats. Chelsea Green Publishing. 1 July 2016: 224–. ISBN 978-1-60358-671-9.

[2] Kötting, O; Santelia, D; Edner, C; Eicke, S; Marthaler, T; Gentry, MS; Comparot-Moss, S; Chen, J; Smith, AM; Steup, M; Ritte, G; Zeeman, SC. STARCH-EXCESS4 is a laforin-like Phosphoglucan phosphatase required for starch degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana.. The Plant cell. 2009-01, 21 (1): 334–46 [2020-03-03]. PMID 19141707. doi:10.1105/tpc.108.064360. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.

[3] Streb, S; Eicke, S; Zeeman, SC. The simultaneous abolition of three starch hydrolases blocks transient starch breakdown in Arabidopsis.. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2012-12-07, 287 (50): 41745–56 [2020-03-03]. PMID 23019330. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.395244. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.

[4] Haider, MS; Barnes, JD; Cushman, JC; Borland, AM. A CAM- and starch-deficient mutant of the facultative CAM species Mesembryanthemum crystallinum reconciles sink demands by repartitioning carbon during acclimation to salinity.. Journal of experimental botany. 2012-03, 63 (5): 1985–96 [2020-03-03]. PMID 22219316. doi:10.1093/jxb/err412. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.

[5] Comparot-Moss, S; Kötting, O; Stettler, M; Edner, C; Graf, A; Weise, SE; Streb, S; Lue, WL; MacLean, D; Mahlow, S; Ritte, G; Steup, M; Chen, J; Zeeman, SC; Smith, AM. A putative phosphatase, LSF1, is required for normal starch turnover in Arabidopsis leaves.. Plant physiology. 2010-02, 152 (2): 685–97 [2020-03-03]. PMID 20018601. doi:10.1104/pp.109.148981.

[6] Scheidig, A; Fröhlich, A; Schulze, S; Lloyd, JR; Kossmann, J. Downregulation of a chloroplast-targeted beta-amylase leads to a starch-excess phenotype in leaves.. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology. 2002-06, 30 (5): 581–91 [2020-03-03]. PMID 12047632. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01317.x. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.

[7] Hussain, H; Mant, A; Seale, R; Zeeman, S; Hinchliffe, E; Edwards, A; Hylton, C; Bornemann, S; Smith, AM; Martin, C; Bustos, R. Three isoforms of isoamylase contribute different catalytic properties for the debranching of potato glucans.. The Plant cell. 2003-01, 15 (1): 133–49 [2020-03-03]. PMID 12509527. doi:10.1105/tpc.006635. （原始内容存档于2020-03-03）.

[8] Wattebled, F; Dong, Y; Dumez, S; Delvallé, D; Planchot, V; Berbezy, P; Vyas, D; Colonna, P; Chatterjee, M; Ball, S; D'Hulst, C. Mutants of Arabidopsis lacking a chloroplastic isoamylase accumulate phytoglycogen and an abnormal form of amylopectin.. Plant physiology. 2005-05, 138 (1): 184–95 [2020-03-03]. PMID 15849301. doi:10.1104/pp.105.059295.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]