擁車證
擁車證（英語：Certificate of Entitlement, COE），是新加坡政府透過車輛牌照配額許可證的發行，授予成功中標的持有人進行登記，擁有與使用新加坡道路，為期10年的合法權利。需求高時，COE的成本可能超過汽車本身的價值[1]。
起源
起源於新加坡於1990年為了治理城市交通擁堵採取的一種措施。新加坡約有80萬輛汽車，其中約50萬輛為小汽車。
系統
在購買新的車輛之前，在新加坡，潛在的車主都必需要向陸路交通管理局（LTA）先申辦擁車證(Certificate of Entitlement)。
車輛配額系統 (VQS)
公式
合法性
拍賣流程
2013年对于拥车证标准的重新定义
在2013年9月, 拥车证系统重新定义了A类车辆的标准. 这一变化发生后,A类车辆的引擎功率不得超过97千瓦. 这大约相当于130马力。 这是对A类汽车发动机容量不超过1600立方厘米的先前标准的补充。但是, 尽管发动机容量低于1600立方厘米，但从2014年2月开始，发动机输出功率超过97kW的汽车将被归类为拥车证招标中的B类。审查拥车证类别的标准是因为陆路交通管理局希望区分和规范A类标准下的代步车和高档汽车的购买，以将拥车证价格控制在越来越接近100,000新加坡元的水平。[2]
牌照分類
最初，牌照准證(COEs)分成八大類，但該系統現已被簡化為僅僅五個類別。A組、B組、與D組 是不可轉讓的。出租车在2012年以前被归为A类，但之后不再受到管制。[3]
Prior to May 1999
| Category | Vehicle Class |
|---|---|
| Cat 1 | Cars 1000cc & below |
| Cat 2 | Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis |
| Cat 3 | Cars 1601-2000cc |
| Cat 4 | Cars above 2000cc |
| Cat 5 | Goods Vehicles & Buses |
| Cat 6 | Motorcycles |
| Cat 7 | "Open" (for any kind of vehicle) |
Current Categories
| Category | Vehicle Class |
|---|---|
| Cat A | Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW) |
| Cat B | Cars 1600cc & above, or the engine power output exceeds 97kW |
| Cat C | Goods Vehicles & Buses |
| Cat D | Motorcycles |
| Cat E | "Open" (for any kind of vehicle) |
歷史紀錄
配額溢價
March 2009 2nd Open Bidding
| Category | Current Quota Premium | Previous Quota Premium | ▲/▼ | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (1600cc and below), taxi | S$5,116 | S$4,890 | ▲ | S$226 |
| B (1601cc and above) | S$5,001 | S$5,101 | ▼ | S$100 |
| C (Goods Vehicle and Bus) | S$5,600 | S$5,300 | ▲ | S$300 |
| D (Motorcycles) | S$912 | S$958 | ▼ | S$46 |
| E (Open) | S$5,982 | S$5,700 | ▲ | S$282 |
April 2010 1st Open Bidding
| Category | Current Quota Premium | Previous Quota Premium | ▲/▼ | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (1600cc and below), taxi | S$34,001 | S$28,389 | ▲ | S$5,612 |
| B (1601cc and above) | S$45,501 | S$36,089 | ▲ | S$9,412 |
| E (Open) | S$49,000 | S$42,001 | ▲ | S$6,999 |
December 2011 1st Open Bidding[4]
| Category | Current Quota Premium | Previous Quota Premium | ▲/▼ | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (1600cc and below), taxi | S$50,001 | S$52,357 | ▼ | S$2,356 |
| B (1601cc and above) | S$70,003 | S$72,317 | ▼ | S$2,314 |
| E (Open) | S$71,000 | S$74,345 | ▼ | S$3,345 |
2013 results: [1]
車輛的增長速度
| Period | % | Remark |
|---|---|---|
| May 1990 to May 2009 | 3.0 | 3.0% + deregistrations as per last annum |
| Jun 2009 to Jun 2010 | 1.5 | Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE |
| Jul 2010 to Jul 2012 | 1.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July | |
| Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 | 1.0 | Taxi are moved to Cat E |
| Feb 2013 to Jan 2014 | 0.5 | Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015 |
| Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 | Change to recent quarterly deregistrations | |
| Feb 2015 onwards | 0.25 | Reduced to 0.25% |
从2010年4月起，对COE配额计算进行了修改。 在新方法下，陆路运输管理局（LTA）将最近六个月的实际车辆注销登记中的拥车证配额回收回系统中。数字将每六个月修订一次，而不是年度配额。 例如，截至一月，有80万辆汽车。 根据1.5％的允许增长率，将每六个月出售另外6000个拥车证指标。加上同期注销的车辆数量（例如20,000），这意味着7月至12月的拥车证配额为26,000。
2011年10月上旬，新加坡运输部长吕德耀（Lui Tuck Yew）表示，新加坡的年度汽车增长峰值将从2012年起进一步下降。 年度汽车人口增长率将从目前的1.5％降低到2012年的1.0％，然后在2013年和2014年降低到0.5％，然后在2015年降低到0.25％。
较低的车辆增长率将与未来道路的增长速度更加紧密地吻合。 然而，2012年5月，吕德耀（Lui Tuck Yew）话锋一转，并表示可能增加拥车证指标，配额削减汽车增长的计划将被推迟。
COE範圍
| Previous Category | Highest | Lowest1 | Current Category | Highest | Lowest | Remarks | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 1990 – Apr 1999 | SGD | Period | SGD | Period | From May 1999 | SGD | Period | SGD | Period | |
| Cat 1 (1000 cc & below) | 41,008 | Jul 1997 | 210 | Feb 1991 | Cat A3 | 92,100 | Jan 2013 | 2 | Nov 2008a | a. Major historical plunge partly due to 2008 financial crisis and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to 1997 Asian financial crisis |
| Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi | 62,208 | Jul 1997 | 909 | Mar 1991 | ||||||
| Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc) | 83,500 | Dec 1994 | 50 | Jan 1998b | Cat B | 96,210 | Jan 2013 | 200 | Jan 2009a | |
| Cat 4 (2001 cc & above) | 110,500 | Dec 1994 | 800 | Apr 1991 | ||||||
| Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus) | 39,000 | Dec 1994 | 1 | Apr 1991 | Cat C | 63,035 | Dec 2012 | 1 | Dec 2006– Mar 2007c |
c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006 |
| Cat 6 (Motorcycle) | 3,506 | Aug 1997 | 1 | Jan 1994, Feb 1994d |
Cat D | 2,704 | Jan 2014 | 1 | Nov 2002– Mar 2003d |
d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders |
| Cat 7 (Open) | 95,986 | Dec 1994 | 998 | Mar 1991 | Cat E | 97,889 | Jan 2013 | 3,200 | Jan 2009 | – |
| Cat 8 (Weekend Car)2 | 45,300 | Sep 1994 | 1,110 | Oct 1991 | OPC | COE rebate up to $17,000 | ||||
|
1. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 | ||||||||||
車輛平均定價
買車的時候詳細的成本結構可以在這個網站上找到。[2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
All prices are in Singapore dollars dated March 2012
- Compact : S$71,999 – S$89,500
- Mid-size : S$81,999 – S$149,000
- Full-size sedan : > S$150,000
在流行文化
參考
- ^ Grant, Jeremy. Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city. FT.com. 4 March 2014 [7 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-05）.
- ^ COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars. [2014-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-19）.
- ^ Taxis out of COE bidding process from August. Channel News Asia. 27 July 2012 [27 February 2013]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-29）.
- ^ Royston Sim. Certificate of Entitlement premiums fall for all categories. Straits Times: Motoring, A Singapore Press Holdings Website. 21 December 2011 [2014-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-06）.
外部連結
| 關於擁車證 的圖書館資源 |