废止论

废止论（英語：Nullification）在美国宪政历史中，是一种州有权废止与联邦宪法（也与州宪法）相抵触的法律。废止论之理论从未被联邦法院支持^[1]。

废止论的理论基础在于一种观点，即各州基于互相之间的协议（或“契约”）而成为联邦，并且各州作为联邦政府的创建者，各州有权决定联邦政府的权力范围。按这样的契约论，各州而非联邦最高法院拥有关于联邦政府权力范围的最终解释权。按这种理论，各州于是可以废止那些各州认为超越宪法授权的联邦法律。干涉论相关的观点在于，当州认为联邦政府之立法违宪时，州有权利且有义务干涉并介入。托马斯·杰斐逊和詹姆斯·麦迪逊通过1789年的《肯塔基和弗吉尼亚决议》创制了废止论和干涉论。

包括联邦最高法院在内的州法院和联邦法院，不断否决废止论^[2]。法院以《宪法》的“最高条款”判定，联邦法律高于州法律，并且根据《宪法》第三条，联邦法院拥有对《宪法》的最终解释权。因此，最终有权决定联邦法律的合宪性在于联邦法院，而非各州，各州并未拥有废止联邦法律的权力。

在1798年到1861年美国南北战争战前，一些州以此威胁或试图废止某些联邦法律。所有这些努力都不合法。《肯塔基和弗吉尼亚决议》被其他各州所拒斥。美国最高法院在19世纪的一系列判例中拒绝废止论，包括 Ableman v.Booth 案中拒绝了Wisconsin尝试废止《逃奴法》的声张。南北战争终结了大部分废止论的企图。

在1950年代，南方各州曾尝试使用废止论和干涉论来阻止其学校进行（种族）整合。最高法院在 Cooper v. Aaron案中明示，各州无权废止联邦法律，因而南方各州遭遇失败。

參考文獻

^ Card, Ryan. "Can States 'Just Say No' to Federal Health Care Reform? The Constitutional and Political Implications of State Attempts to Nullify Federal Law". B.Y.U. Law Review. 2010, 2010 (5): 1795, 1808 [2019-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-18）（英语）. [S]tates throughout U.S. history have attempted to use variations of the nullification doctrine to invalidate national law. However, every attempt by states to nullify federal law was clearly rejected by not only the federal government, but also by other states.
^ See Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 364 U.S. 500 (1960), Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1859), and United States v. Peters （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 115 (1809), all of which are discussed below.

延伸閱讀

Ableman v. Booth （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 62 U.S. 506 (1859)
Anderson, Frank Maloy. Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. American Historical Review. 1899: 45–63, 225–244. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 188 F. Supp. 916 (E.D. La. 1960)
Cooper v. Aaron （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 358 U.S. 1 (1958)
Elliot, Jonathan. Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 4 expanded 2nd. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 1907: 532–539 [1836].
Kentucky Resolutions of 1798
Kentucky Resolutions of 1799
Madison, James "Notes, On Nullification" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Library of Congress, December, 1834
Virginia Report of 1800 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Virginia Resolutions of 1798
Wood, Walter. Nullification: A Constitutional History, 1776-1833. Washington, DC: University Press of America. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7618-4011-4.
Woods, Thomas E. Nullification: How to Resist Federal Tyranny in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Regnery. 2010. ISBN 1-59698-149-0.

外部連結

2010 State-by-State Nullification Efforts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832
Nullification Revisited （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, An article examining the constitutionality of nullification (from a favorable aspect, and with regard to both recent and historical events)
Nullification Overview （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, A research paper examining nullification bluntly (from a student perspective, and keeping other events in mind.)
Know Your States' Rights, Review of historian Thomas Woods' book on the subject in the American Conservative

[1] Card, Ryan. "Can States 'Just Say No' to Federal Health Care Reform? The Constitutional and Political Implications of State Attempts to Nullify Federal Law". B.Y.U. Law Review. 2010, 2010 (5): 1795, 1808 [2019-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-18）（英语）. [S]tates throughout U.S. history have attempted to use variations of the nullification doctrine to invalidate national law. However, every attempt by states to nullify federal law was clearly rejected by not only the federal government, but also by other states.

[2] See Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 364 U.S. 500 (1960), Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1859), and United States v. Peters （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 115 (1809), all of which are discussed below.

[1]

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