帕 (毛利人)

帕（毛利語：Pā）可以指任何毛利人村庄或防御性定居点，但通常指的是丘堡——带有栅栏和防御平台的强化定居点，也可以指防御性村庄。“帕”遗址主要分布在新西兰北岛，陶波湖以北。迄今为止，已经发现、拍摄并检查了超过5000个遗址，尽管其中很少有经过详细分析的遗址。至今尚未发现早期殖民时期的“帕”遗址，当时早期的波利尼西亚-毛利殖民者生活在南岛的低地。类似“帕”的遗址在整个中波利尼西亚地区都有分布，尤其在斐济、汤加和马克萨斯群岛等地。

在毛利文化中，一个大型的“帕”代表一个“伊维”（部落或部落联盟）的“玛那”（威望或权力）以及战略能力，这些能力通过“兰加蒂拉（英语：Rangatira）”（酋长）体现出来。毛利人在其“伊维”的“罗赫（英语：Rohe）”（领土）内选择各种可防守的位置建造“帕”，以保护肥沃的种植地和食物供应^[1]^[2]。

参考文献

^ King, Michael. First Colonisation. The Penguin History of New Zealand reprint. Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited. 20032003 [18 September 2020]. ISBN 9781742288260. The period of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been termed transitional [...]. [...] the practice that developed of preserving kumara tubers in storage pits (a process that had been unnecessary in a tropical climate) meant that communities had to remain with those pits, particularly in an era of larger population when competition for resources meant that less well-provisioned neighbours might be tempted to raid your larder. This last factor more than any other gave impetus to the rise and spread, from north to south, of fortified hilltops which came to be known as pa. They probably originated from a need to protect kumara tubers; but they persisted and became more important when population growth, competition for all resources, the pursuit of mana or authority for one's own group, and a generally more martial culture meant that communities increasingly had to protect themselves from immediate neighbours or from marauding enemies from further afield.
^ Mackintosh, Lucy. Shifting Grounds: Deep Histories of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. Bridget Williams Books. 2021: 32. ISBN 978-1-988587-33-2. doi:10.7810/9781988587332.

[1] King, Michael. First Colonisation. The Penguin History of New Zealand reprint. Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited. 20032003 [18 September 2020]. ISBN 9781742288260. The period of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been termed transitional [...]. [...] the practice that developed of preserving kumara tubers in storage pits (a process that had been unnecessary in a tropical climate) meant that communities had to remain with those pits, particularly in an era of larger population when competition for resources meant that less well-provisioned neighbours might be tempted to raid your larder. This last factor more than any other gave impetus to the rise and spread, from north to south, of fortified hilltops which came to be known as pa. They probably originated from a need to protect kumara tubers; but they persisted and became more important when population growth, competition for all resources, the pursuit of mana or authority for one's own group, and a generally more martial culture meant that communities increasingly had to protect themselves from immediate neighbours or from marauding enemies from further afield.

[Mackintosh-2] Mackintosh, Lucy. Shifting Grounds: Deep Histories of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. Bridget Williams Books. 2021: 32. ISBN 978-1-988587-33-2. doi:10.7810/9781988587332.

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