小王國
小王国(英語:petty kingdom)是指那些相对于统一王国或帝国而言规模较小的王国。例如,盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰的多个王国在10世纪合并为英格兰王国,或16世纪爱尔兰的多个盖尔王国被统一为爱尔兰王国。另一种情况是,小王国是在更大王国附近的次要王国,例如中世纪的马恩岛及群岛王国相对于苏格兰王国或英格兰王国,或斯堪的纳维亚的维京人王国。
到了欧洲的中世纪盛期,许多中世纪前期的小王国演变为公国、大公国或亲王国。到早期现代,许多这样的亲王国被并入更大的君主国,但其统治家族的婚姻并不被视为“低等联姻”,在社会地位上与王室家族平等。神圣罗马帝国内的各小邦通常不被视为小王国,因为它们至少名义上臣服于神圣罗马帝国皇帝,并非完全独立[1][2][3][4]。
参考文献
- ^ John Hines. Cultural Change and Social Organisation in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Ausenda, Giorgio (编). After Empire: Towards an Ethnology of Europe's Barbarians. Boydell & Brewer. 2003: 82. ISBN 9780851158532 (英语).
It is hard, in fact, even to find a satisfactory terminology for the political units we can imagine the early Anglo-Saxons to have had. Tribe, petty kingdom and kingdom are the terms most commonly used.
- ^ Pounds, N. J. G.; G, Pounds N. J. A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 17 [21 July 2022]. ISBN 978-0-521-63351-2 (英语).
- ^ Holladay, Joan A. Visualizing Ancestry in the High and Late Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 17 January 2019: 121. ISBN 978-1-108-47018-6.
- ^ Hopkins, Daniel J.; Staff, Merriam-webster. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 1997: 1223. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9 (英语).
S Britain (except Wales and Strathclyde) divided into a number of petty kingdoms incl. the so-called Heptarchy