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亚磷酸二乙酯

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亚磷酸二乙酯
IUPAC名
Diethyl phosphonate
膦酸二乙酯
别名 diethyl phosphonite; DEP; Phosphonic acid, diethyl ester
识别
CAS号 762-04-9  checkY
PubChem 12977
ChemSpider 12437
SMILES
 
  • CCOP(OCC)=O
InChI
 
  • 1S/C4H11O3P/c1-3-6-8(5)7-4-2/h5H,3-4H2,1-2H3
InChIKey SULWMEGSVQCTSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Beilstein 4-01-00-01329
性质
化学式 C4H11O3P
摩尔质量 138.1 g·mol−1
外观 无色液体
密度 1.072 g/cm3
沸点 50-51 °C(2 mm Hg)
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

亚磷酸二乙酯是一种有机磷化合物,化学式为(C2H5O)2P(O)H。它得益于P-H键的高反应性,是其他有机磷化合物的合成中的常用试剂。亚磷酸二乙酯是无色液体,[1]分子构型为四面体形

合成和性质

亚磷酸二乙酯有可能最先于1850年代,由三氯化磷与乙醇反应而成,但之后才有意制备。它的生成反应如下:[2]

PCl3 + 3 C2H5OH → (C2H5O)2P(O)H + 2 HCl + C2H5Cl

在类似条件和碱的存在下,这个反应会生成亚磷酸三乙酯[3]

PCl3 + 3 EtOH + 3 R3N → P(OEt)3 + 3 R3NH + 3 Cl

亚磷酸二乙酯的许多类似物都能制备。[4][5]虽然化合物名为磷酸酯,但它与亚磷酸相似,绝大部分是膦酸酯(C2H5O)2P(O)H),可很多反应可以视为磷(III)互变异构体的反应。[6]

(C2H5O)2PIII(OH) ⇌ (C2H5O)2PV(O)H, K = 15 x 106(25 °C,水中)[7]

反应

水解和醇解

亚磷酸二乙酯水解后生成亚磷酸。这个反应能用氯化氢催化。:[2]

亚磷酸二乙酯可以与醇产生酯交换反应。如果醇的沸点高,则这个转换反应可以通过去除醇而加速:[8]

(C2H5O)2P(O)H + 2 ROH → (RO)2P(O)H + 2 C2H5OH

同样,胺可以取代乙氧基:[9]

(C2H5O)2P(O)H + RNH2 → (C2H5O)(RN(H)P(O)H + C2H5OH

P-烷基化

亚磷酸二乙酯可以与叔丁醇钾进行去质子化,因此可以作烷基化(米夏埃利斯-贝克尔反应英语Michaelis–Becker reaction):[10]

(C2H5O)2P(O)H + KOtBu → (C2H5O)2P(O)K + HOtBu
(C2H5O)2P(O)K + RBr → (C2H5O)2P(O)R + KBr

卤代芳烃的转化反应可以用钯催化剂催化。[1]C-P偶联过程与布赫瓦尔德-哈特维希偶联反应类似。

亚磷酸二乙酯与格氏试剂的反应由去质子化和乙氧基的取代反应组成。[11][12]这个反应可以生成仲氧化膦(如二甲基氧化膦英语dimethylphosphine oxide),如下:

(C2H5O)2P(O)H + CH3MgBr → (C2H5O)2P(O)MgBr + CH4
(C2H5O)2P(O)MgBr + 2 CH3MgBr → (CH3)2P(O)MgBr + 2 MgBr(OC2H5)
(CH3)2P(O)MgBr + H2O → (CH3)2P(O)H + MgBr(OH)

氢膦酰化反应

亚磷酸二乙酯可以通过氢膦酰化反应英语hydrophosphonylation与不饱和基团加成。例如,它与加成,方法与阿布拉莫夫反应英语Abramov reaction相似:

(C2H5O)2P(O)H + RCHO → (C2H5O)2P(O)CH(OH)R

它也能通过普多维克反应英语Pudovik reaction卡巴奇尼克-菲尔茨反应亞胺反应,[13] 生成氨基膦酸酯英语aminophosphonate

参见

參考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Green, Kenneth. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. 2001. ISBN 0471936235. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd211. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Malowan, J. E. Inorganic Syntheses 4. 1953: 58–60. ISBN 9780470132357. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch19. 
  3. ^ Ford-Moore, A. H.; Perry, B. J. Triethyl Phosphite. Org. Synth. 1951, 31: 111. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.031.0111. 
  4. ^ Pedrosa, Leandro. Esterification of Phosphorus Trichloride with Alcohols; Diisopropyl phosphonate. ChemSpider Synthetic Pages (Royal Society of Chemistry). March 20, 2011. SyntheticPage 488 [July 10, 2017]. doi:10.1039/SP488可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ Fakhraian, H.; Mirzaei, A. Reconsideration of the Base-Free Batch-Wise Esterification of Phosphorus Trichloride with Alcohols. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2004, 8 (3): 401–404. doi:10.1021/op049958v. 
  6. ^ Doak, G. O.; Freedman, Leon D. The Structure and Properties of the Dialkyl Phosphonates. Chem. Rev. 1961, 61 (1): 31–44. doi:10.1021/cr60209a002. 
  7. ^ Guthrie, J. Peter. Tautomerization Equilibria for Phosphorous Acid and its Ethyl Esters, Free Energies of Formation of Phosphorous and Phosphonic Acids and their Ethyl Esters, and p Ka Values for Ionization of the P—H Bond in Phosphonic Acid and Phosphonic Esters. Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 1979, 57 (2): 236–239. doi:10.1139/v79-039可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ Malowan, John E. Inorganic Syntheses 4. 1953: 61–62. ISBN 9780470132357. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch20. 
  9. ^ John M. Read, Yu-Pu Wang, Rick L. Danheiser. Synthesis of Phosphoryl Ynamides by Copper-Catalyzed Alkynylation of Phosphoramidates. Preparation of Diethyl Benzyl(oct-1-yn-1-yl)phosphoramidate. Org. Synth. 2015, 92: 156. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.092.0156可免费查阅. 
  10. ^ (1988) "6-Diethylphosphonomethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxen-4-one (Phosphonic acid, [(2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-1,3-dioxin-6-yl)methyl-, diethyl ester)]". Org. Synth. 66; Coll. Vol. 8: 192. 
  11. ^ Hays, Hugh R. Reaction of diethyl phosphonate with methyl and ethyl Grignard reagents. J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33 (10): 3690–3694. doi:10.1021/jo01274a003. 
  12. ^ (2007) "Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Secondary Phosphine Oxides and Secondary Phosphines: Bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylphosphine Oxide and Bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine]". Org. Synth. 84. 
  13. ^ Keglevich, György; Bálint, Erika. The Kabachnik–Fields Reaction: Mechanism and Synthetic Use. Molecules. 1 November 2012, 17 (11): 12821–12835. PMC 6268146可免费查阅. PMID 23117425. doi:10.3390/molecules171112821可免费查阅. 开放获取