這個file中的所有圖片名上傳在JPEG格式，即使它包含非照片數據。該信息可以以PNG或SVG格式更有效或更準確地存儲。 如果可能，請上傳此圖像的PNG或SVG版本，不含壓縮失真，源自非JPEG源（或移除現存的失真）。完成後，請使用{{Superseded|NewImage.ext}}標記JPEG版本並刪除此標記。此標籤不應應用於照片或掃描件。如需更多信息，請參閱{{BadJPEG}}。

Transwiki approved by: w:en:User:Dmcdevit

This image was copied from iwikipedia:en. The original ##jjhudescription was:97[80]ii

This image shows some of the primary results of the Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) project undertaken in the 1970s and 80s. Shown is the outline of the continents after a sea level reduction of 130 meters, the positions of continental ice sheets and winter sea ice, and the change in sea surface temperatures across the oceans (CLIMAP 1981). All three of these are depicted as they are believed to have appeared roughly 18 thousand radiocarbon years ago during the last glacial maximum of the present ice age.

The average cooling of oceanic areas not covered with sea ice is 1.75 °C. On the basis of this and the distribution of ice sheets, it is estimated that Earth as a whole cooled 3.0 ± 0.6 °C during the last glacial maximum (Hoffert and Covey 1992). As most of the climate change in the tropics during this time is believed to have been caused by natural changes in greenhouse gases, this estimate provides a constraint on the radiative forcing associated with those gases and helps to calibrate the amount of change that might be expected from global warming. The estimate of three degrees implies a climate sensitivity to carbon dioxide changes at the low end of the range proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [1] archive copy at the Wayback Machine.

The CLIMAP suggestion that the Pacific warmed during the last glacial maximum has been persistently controversial. To date, no climate model has been able to reproduce the proposed warming in the Pacific (Yin and Battisti 2001), with most preferring a several degree cooling. Also, it appears that climate models which are forced to match the CLIMAP sea surface measurements are too warm to match estimates for changes at continental locations (Pinot et al. 1999). These factors suggest that CLIMAP systematically overestimated the temperatures in the tropical oceans though there is at present no consistent explanation for why or how this should have happened. Unfortunately the cost and difficulty of collecting sediment cores from the open Pacific has limited the availability of samples that might help to confirm or disprove these observations. If the Pacific reconstruction is assumed to be in error, it would result in a larger climate sensitivity to changes in greenhouse gases.

CLIMAP sea surface temperature and glacial data is available through the NOAA paleo collection.

The coastal curves appearing in this figure are improved by incorporating NGDC bathymetry data.

This image was prepared by Robert A. Rohde from published data and is part of the Global Warming Art project.

Image from Global Warming Art

This image is an original work created for Global Warming Art. Please refer to the image description page for more information.

已授權您依據自由軟體基金會發行的無固定段落、封面文字和封底文字GNU自由文件授權條款1.2版或任意後續版本，對本檔進行複製、傳播和／或修改。該協議的副本列在GNU自由文件授權條款中。http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue

	此檔案採用創用CC 姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 未在地化版本授權條款。
	您可以自由： 分享 – 複製、發佈和傳播本作品 重新修改 – 創作演繹作品 惟需遵照下列條件： 姓名標示 – 您必須指名出正確的製作者，和提供授權條款的連結，以及表示是否有對內容上做出變更。您可以用任何合理的方式來行動，但不得以任何方式表明授權條款是對您許可或是由您所使用。 相同方式分享 – 如果您利用本素材進行再混合、轉換或創作，您必須基於如同原先的相同或兼容的條款，來分布您的貢獻成品。
	已新增授權條款標題至此檔案，作為GFDL授權更新的一部份。http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC BY-SA 3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue

• Hoffert, M.I. and C. Covey (1992). "Deriving global climate sensitivity from paleoclimate reconstructions". Nature 360: 573-576.
• Jeffrey H. Yin and David S. Battisti (2001). "The Importance of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Patterns in Simulations of Last Glacial Maximum Climate". Journal of Climate 14 (4): 565–581.
• Pinot, S., G. Ramstein, S.P. Harrison, I.C. Prentice, J. Guiot, M. Stute, S. Joussaume and PMIP-participating-groups (1999). "Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata". Climate Dynamics 15: 857-874.
• CLIMAP (1981年) 《 Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth’s surface at the last glacial maximum in Map Series, Technical Report MC-36》、​Category:Boulder, Colorado： Geological Society of America