草稿:风筝
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风筝是一种比空气重或比空气轻的系绳飞行器，其表面与空气发生反应，以产生升力和阻力。风筝由翼、线和锚组成，通常使用缰绳和尾巴来引导风筝表面，让风可以将风筝举起。[1] Some kite designs do not need a bridle; box kites can have a single attachment point. A kite may have fixed or moving anchors that can balance the kite. The name is derived from the kite, the hovering bird of prey.[2]
The lift that sustains the kite in flight is generated when air moves around the kite's surface, producing low pressure above and high pressure below the wings.[3] The interaction with the wind also generates horizontal drag along the direction of the wind. The resultant force vector from the lift and drag force components is opposed by the tension of one or more of the lines or tethers to which the kite is attached.[4] The anchor point of the kite line may be static or moving (e.g., the towing of a kite by a running person, boat, free-falling anchors as in paragliders and fugitive parakites[5][6] or vehicle).[7][8]
The same principles of fluid flow apply in liquids, so kites can be used in underwater currents.[9][10] Paravanes and otter boards operate underwater on an analogous principle.
Man-lifting kites were made for reconnaissance, entertainment and during development of the first practical aircraft, the biplane.
Kites have a long and varied history and many different types are flown individually and at festivals worldwide. Kites may be flown for recreation, art or other practical uses. Sport kites can be flown in aerial ballet, sometimes as part of a competition. Power kites are multi-line steerable kites designed to generate large forces which can be used to power activities such as kite surfing, kite landboarding, kite buggying and snow kiting.
历史
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公元前5世纪，风筝被认为是中国哲学家墨子和鲁班的发明。制作风筝的理想材料很容易获得，包括用作风筝主体的丝绸、用于牵引风筝放飞的丝线和有弹性的竹子构成坚固轻盈的骨架。公元549年，人们开始放飞纸风筝，当时风筝被用来作为求救兵的通信。古代中国文献记载，风筝被用来测量距离、测试风向、举升人员、发信号和军事行动中的通信。已知最早的中国风筝是扁平形状（而不是弓形），并且通常是矩形。风筝上装饰吉祥图案，有些装有弦和哨，可以在飞行时发出声响。[11][12][13]
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After its introduction into India, the kite further evolved into the fighter kite, known as the patang in India, where thousands are flown every year on festivals such as Makar Sankranti.[14]
Kites were known throughout Polynesia, as far as New Zealand, with the assumption being that the knowledge diffused from China along with the people. Anthropomorphic kites made from cloth and wood were used in religious ceremonies to send prayers to the gods.[15] Polynesian kite traditions are used by anthropologists to get an idea of early "primitive" Asian traditions that are believed to have at one time existed in Asia.[16]
Kites were late to arrive in Europe, although windsock-like banners were known and used by the Romans. Stories of kites were first brought to Europe by Marco Polo towards the end of the 13th century, and kites were brought back by sailors from Japan and Malaysia in the 16th and 17th centuries.[17][18] Konrad Kyeser described dragon kites in Bellifortis about 1400 AD.[19] Although kites were initially regarded as mere curiosities, by the 18th and 19th centuries they were being used as vehicles for scientific research.[17]
1752年，本杰明·富兰克林发表一篇风筝实验的论文，以证明是由电引起的闪电。
风筝在莱特兄弟和其他人的研究中也发挥重要作用，促使他们在1800年代末发明第一架飞机，以及几种不同设计的载人风筝同时被开发出来。1860年至1910年左右，这段时期成为欧洲“风筝的黄金时代”。[20]
In the 20th century, many new kite designs are developed. These included Eddy's tailless diamond, the tetrahedral kite, the Rogallo wing, the sled kite, the parafoil, and power kites.[21] Kites were used for scientific purposes, especially in meteorology, aeronautics, wireless communications and photography. The Rogallo wing was adapted for stunt kites and hang gliding and the parafoil was adapted for parachuting and paragliding.
The rapid development of mechanically powered aircraft diminished interest in kites. World War II saw a limited use of kites for military purposes (survival radio, Focke Achgelis Fa 330, military radio antenna kites).
Kites are now mostly used for recreation. Lightweight synthetic materials (ripstop nylon, plastic film, carbon fiber tube and rod) are used for kite making. Synthetic rope and cord (nylon, polyethylene, kevlar and dyneema) are used as bridle and kite line.
材料
Designs often emulate flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. The finest Chinese kites are made from split bamboo (usually golden bamboo), covered with silk, and hand painted. On larger kites, clever hinges and latches allow the kite to be disassembled and compactly folded for storage or transport. Cheaper mass-produced kites are often made from printed polyester rather than silk.
Tails are used for some single-line kite designs to keep the kite's nose pointing into the wind. Spinners and spinsocks can be attached to the flying line for visual effect. There are rotating wind socks which spin like a turbine. On large display kites these tails, spinners and spinsocks can be 50英尺（15米） long or more.
Modern aerobatic kites use two or four lines to allow fine control of the kite's angle to the wind. Traction kites may have an additional line to de-power the kite and quick-release mechanisms to disengage flyer and kite in an emergency.
实用
风筝除了是一种娱乐游戏，也被用于人类飞行、军事应用、科学与气象研究、摄影、升降无线电天线、发电、空气动力学实验等领域。
军事用途
Kites have been used for military purposes in the past, such as signaling, delivery of ammunition, and for observation, both by lifting an observer above the field of battle and by using kite aerial photography.
Kites were first used in warfare by the Chinese.[22] During the Song dynasty the Fire Crow, a kite carrying incendiary powder, a fuse, and a burning stick of incense was developed as a weapon.[23]
According to Samguk Sagi, in 647 Kim Yu-sin, a Korean general of Silla rallied his troops to defeat rebels by using flaming kites which also scared the enemy.[24]
Russian chronicles mention Prince Oleg of Novgorod use of kites during the siege of Constantinople in 906: "and he crafted horses and men of paper, armed and gilded, and lifted them into the air over the city; the Greeks saw them and feared them".[25]
Walter de Milemete's 1326 De nobilitatibus, sapientiis, et prudentiis regum treatise depicts a group of knights flying kite laden with a black-powder filled firebomb over the wall of city.[26]
Kites were also used by Admiral Yi of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) of Korea. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Admiral Yi commanded his navy using kites. His kites had specific markings directing his fleet to perform various orders.[27]
In the modern era the British Army used kites to haul human lookouts into the air for observation purposes, using the kites developed by Samuel Franklin Cody. Barrage kites were used to protect shipping during the Second World War.[28][29] Kites were also used for anti-aircraft target practice.[30] Kites and kytoons were used for lofting communications antenna.[31] Submarines lofted observers in rotary kites.[32]
Palestinians from the Gaza Strip have flown firebomb kites over the Israel–Gaza barrier, setting fires on the Israeli side of the border,[33][34][35][36] hundreds of dunams of Israeli crop fields were burned by firebomb kites launched from Gaza, with an estimated economic loss of several millions of shekels.[37]
科学与气象学
风筝曾经用于科学目的，例如本杰明·富兰克林利用风筝，证明闪电是电的著名实验。风筝是传统航空器的前身，在早期飞行器的发展中发挥着重要作用，亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔试验过非常大的载人风筝，莱特兄弟和劳伦斯·哈格雷夫也做过类似的实验。风筝在提升科学仪器以测量大气条件，从而进行天气预报方面发挥过历史性作用，于1847年在乔城天文台，弗朗西斯·罗纳德和威廉·拉德克利夫·伯特描述过一种非常稳定的风筝，被试用于支撑高空自记录气象仪器。[38]
无线电天线和灯标
Kites can be used for radio purposes, by kites carrying antennas for MF, LF or VLF-transmitters. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by Marconi. Captive balloons may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite-carried antennas require a lot of wind, which may be not always possible with heavy equipment and a ground conductor. It must be taken into account during experiments, that a conductor carried by a kite can lead to high voltage toward ground, which can endanger people and equipment, if suitable precautions (grounding through resistors or a parallel resonant circuit tuned to transmission frequency) are not taken.
Kites can be used to carry light effects such as lightsticks or battery powered lights.
风筝牵引
风筝可用于顺风拉动人员和车辆，高效的翼型风筝（如动力风筝）也可用于逆风航行。其原理与帆船相同，前提是地面或水中的横向力，可以像传统帆船的龙骨、中心板、轮和冰叶一样重新定向。在过去多年里，一些风筝牵引运动开始变得流行，例如风筝越野车、风筝陆上滑板、风筝划船和风筝冲浪，以及近年出现的风筝滑雪。
Kite sailing opens several possibilities not available in traditional sailing:
- Wind speeds are greater at higher altitudes
- Kites may be maneuvered dynamically which increases the force available dramatically
- There is no need for mechanical structures to withstand bending forces; vehicles or hulls can be very light or dispensed with all together
水下风筝
Underwater kites are now being developed to harvest renewable power from the flow of water.[39][40] A kite was used in minesweeping operations from the First World War: this was a foil "attached to a sweep-wire submerging it to the requisite depth when it is towed over a minefield" (OED, 2021). See also paravane.
风筝钓鱼
Kite fishing is a fishing technique. It involves a kite from which a drop line hangs, attached to a lure or bait. The kite is flown over the surface of a body of water, and the bait floats near the waterline until taken by a fish. The kite then drops immediately, signaling to the fisherman that the bait has been taken, and the fish can then be hauled in. Kites can provide boatless fishermen access to waters that would otherwise be available only to boats. Similarly, for boat owners, kites provide a way to fish in areas where it is not safe to navigate - such as shallows or coral reef.
文化用途
风筝节是世界各地流行的娱乐节日，包括当地传统的风筝游戏活动，以及国际的风筝交流活动，吸引不同国家的风筝爱好者，展示其独特的风筝艺术。许多国家都有风筝博物馆，重点关注风筝的发展历史，保留该国的风筝传统。[41]
亚洲
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Kite flying is popular in many Asian countries, where it often takes the form of "kite fighting", in which participants try to snag each other's kites or cut other kites down.[42] Fighter kites are usually small, flattened diamond-shaped kites made of paper and bamboo. Tails are not used on fighter kites so that agility and maneuverability are not compromised.
In Afghanistan, kite flying is a popular game, and is known in Dari as Gudiparan Bazi. Some kite fighters pass their strings through a mixture of ground glass powder and glue, which is legal. The resulting strings are very abrasive and can sever the competitor's strings more easily. The abrasive strings can also injure people. During the Taliban rule in Afghanistan, kite flying was banned, among various other recreations.
In Pakistan, kite flying is often known as Gudi-Bazi or Patang-bazi. Although kite flying is a popular ritual for the celebration of spring festival known as Jashn-e-Baharaan (lit. Spring Festival) or Basant, kites are flown throughout the year. Kite fighting is a very popular pastime all around Pakistan, but mostly in urban centers across the country (especially Lahore). The kite fights are at their highest during the spring celebrations and the fighters enjoy competing with rivals to cut-loose the string of the others kite, popularly known as "Paecha". During the spring festival, kite flying competitions are held across the country and the skies are colored with kites. When a competitor succeeds in cutting another's kite loose, shouts of 'wo kata' ring through the air. Cut kites are reclaimed by chasing after them. This is a popular ritual, especially among the country's youth, and is depicted in the 2007 film The Kite Runner (although that story is based in neighboring Afghanistan). Kites and strings are a big business in the country and several different types of string are used, including glass-coated, metal, and tandi. Kite flying was banned in Punjab, India due to more than one motorcyclist death caused by glass-coated or metal kite strings.[43] Kup, Patang, Guda, and Nakhlaoo are some of the popular kite brands; they vary in balance, weight and speed.
In Indonesia kites are flown as both sport and recreation. One of the most popular kite variants is from Bali. Balinese kites are unique and they have different designs and forms; birds, butterflies, dragons, ships, etc. In Vietnam, kites are flown without tails. Instead small flutes are attached allowing the wind to "hum" a musical tune. There are other forms of sound-making kites. In Bali, large bows are attached to the front of the kites to make a deep throbbing vibration, and in Malaysia, a row of gourds with sound-slots are used to create a whistle as the kite flies. Malaysia is also home to the Kite Museum in Malacca.[44]
Kite are also popular in Nepal, especially in hilly areas and among the Pahadi and Newar communities, although people also fly kites in Terai areas. Unlike India, people in Nepal fly kites in August – September period and is more popular in time of Dashain.[45]
Kites are very popular in India, with the states of Gujarat, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab notable for their kite fighting festivals. Highly maneuverable single-string paper and bamboo kites are flown from the rooftops while using line friction in an attempt to cut each other's kite lines, either by letting the cutting line loose at high speed or by pulling the line in a fast and repeated manner. During the Indian spring festival of Makar Sankranti, near the middle of January, millions of people fly kites all over northern India. Kite flying in Hyderabad starts a month before this, but kite flying/fighting is an important part of other celebrations, including Republic Day, Independence Day, Raksha Bandhan, Viswakarma Puja day in late September and Janmashtami. An international kite festival is held every year before Uttarayan for three days in Vadodara, Surat and Ahmedabad.
Kites have been flown in China since ancient times. Weifang is home to the largest kite museum in the world.[46][47] It also hosts an annual international kite festival on the large salt flats south of the city. There are several kite museums in Japan, UK, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand and the USA. In the pre-modern period, Malays in Singapore used kites for fishing.[48]
In Japan, kite flying is traditionally a children's play in New Year holidays and in the Boys' Festival in May. In some areas, there is a tradition to celebrate a new boy baby with a new kite (祝い凧). There are many kite festivals throughout Japan. The most famous one is "Yōkaichi Giant Kite Festival" in Higashiōmi, Shiga, which started in 1841.[49] The largest kite ever built in the festival is 62英尺（19米） wide by 67英尺（20米） high and weighs 3,307英磅（1,500千克）.[50] In the Hamamatsu Kite Festival in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, more than 100 kites are flown in the sky over the Nakatajima Sand Dunes, one of the three largest sand dunes in Japan, which overlooks the Enshunada Sea.[51] Parents who have a new baby prepare a new kite with their baby's name and fly it in the festival.[52] These kites are traditional ones made from bamboo and paper.
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Making a traditional Wau jala budi kite in Malaysia. The bamboo frame is covered with plain paper and then decorated with multiple layers of shaped paper and foil. -
Various Balinese kites is on display in front of a store in Ubud, Bali, Indonesia -
A kite shop in Lucknow, India -
Traditional Japanese kites
欧洲
In Greece and Cyprus, flying kites is a tradition for Clean Monday, the first day of Lent. In the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda, traditional Bermuda kites are made and flown at Easter, to symbolise Christ's ascent. In Fuerteventura a kite festival is usually held on the weekend nearest to 8 November lasting for 3 days.
波利尼西亚
Polynesian traditional kites are sometimes used at ceremonies and variants of traditional kites for amusement. Older pieces are kept in museums. These are treasured by the people of Polynesia.
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Māori kite -
Launch of ram-air inflated Peter Lynn single-line kite, shaped like an octopus and 90英尺（27米） long
南美洲
In Brazil, flying a kite is a very popular leisure activity for children, teenagers and even young adults. Mostly these are boys, and it is overwhelmingly kite fighting a game whose goal is to maneuver their own kites to cut the other persons' kites' strings during flight, and followed by kite running where participants race through the streets to take the free-drifting kites. As in other countries with similar traditions, injuries are common and motorcyclists in particular need to take precautions.[53]
In Chile, kites are very popular, especially during Independence Day festivities (September 18). In Peru, kites are also very popular. There are kite festivals in parks and beaches mostly on August.
In Colombia, kites can be seen flown in parks and recreation areas during August which is calles as windy. It is during this month that most people, especially the young ones would fly kites.
In Guyana, kites are flown at Easter, an activity in which all ethnic and religious groups participate. Kites are generally not flown at any other time of year. Kites start appearing in the sky in the weeks leading up to Easter and school children are taken to parks for the activity. It all culminates in a massive airborne celebration on Easter Monday especially in Georgetown, the capital, and other coastal areas. The history of the practice is not entirely clear but given that Easter is a Christian festival, it is said that kite flying is symbolic of the Risen Lord. Moore[54] describes the phenomenon in the 19th century as follows:
A very popular Creole pastime was the flying of kites. Easter Monday, a public holiday, was the great kite-flying day on the sea wall in Georgetown and on open lands in villages. Young and old alike, male and female, appeared to be seized by kite-flying mania. Easter 1885 serves as a good example. "The appearance of the sky all over Georgetown, but especially towards the Sea Wall, was very striking, the air being thick with kites of all shapes and sizes, covered with gaily coloured paper, all riding bravely on the strong wind.
——(His quotation is from a letter to The Creole newspaper of December 29, 1858.)
The exact origins of the practice of kite flying (exclusively) at Easter are unclear. Bridget Brereton and Kevin Yelvington[55] speculate that kite flying was introduced by Chinese indentured immigrants to the then colony of British Guiana in the mid 19th century. The author of an article in the Guyana Chronicle newspaper of May 6, 2007 is more certain:
Kite flying originated as a Chinese tradition to mark the beginning of spring. However, because the plantation owners were suspicious of the planter class (read "plantation workers"), the Chinese claimed that it represented the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It was a clever argument, as at that time, Christians celebrated Easter to the glory of the risen Christ. The Chinese came to Guyana from 1853–1879.[56]
世界纪录
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吉尼斯世界纪录大全有许多涉及风筝的世界纪录项目，[57] 其中世界上最大风筝是称为“科威特国旗”的充气单线风筝，放飞在空中至少20分钟。[58]
The single-kite altitude record is held by a triangular-box delta kite. On 23 September 2014 a team led by Robert Moore, flew a 129平方英尺（12平方米） kite to 16,009英尺（4,880米） above ground level.[59] The record altitude was reached after eight series of attempts over a ten-year period from a remote location in western New South Wales, Australia. The 9.2英尺（3米） tall and 19.6英尺（6米） wide Dunton-Taylor delta kite's flight was controlled by a winch system using 40,682英尺（12,400米） of ultra high strength Dyneema line. The flight took about eight hours from ground and return. The height was measured with on-board GPS telemetry transmitting positional data in real time to a ground-based computer and also back-up GPS data loggers for later analysis.[60]
流行文化
- The Kite Runner, a 2005 novel by Khaled Hosseini dramatizes the role of kite fighting in pre-war Kabul.
- The Peanuts cartoon character Charlie Brown was often depicted having flown his kite into a tree as a metaphor for life's adversities.
- "Let's Go Fly a Kite" is a song from the Mary Poppins film and musical.
- In the Disney animated film Mulan, kites are flown in the parade.
- In the film Shooter, a kite is used to show the wind direction and wind velocity.
- "Kite" is a 1978 song celebrating kite flying and appears on Kate Bush's first album, The Kick Inside.
一般安全问题
放飞风筝存在一些安全问题，例如：风筝线可能会撞击并缠绕在电线上，导致区域停电，并有可能导致触电的危险；当在暴风雨天气时，沾湿的风筝线可以充当静电和闪电的导体；大面积或强大升力的风筝，可能将放风筝的人拖离地面或拖入其他物体。在多数城市地区，风筝的飞行高度通常有上限，以防止风筝和风筝线侵犯直升机和轻型飞机的空域；斗风筝使用沾有玻璃粉的风筝线，也有可能造成人命伤亡，例如：2016年8月印度发生三名观众在不同事件中丧生。
埃及政府出于安全和国家安全考虑，于 2020年7月禁止放风筝，并在开罗查获369只风筝，在亚历山大查获99只风筝，并对部分民众处以罚款。[61]
画廊
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This delta kite has a keel instead of a bridle -
Giant Japanese kite launched, 2019
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Kites fly on top of the Mitsui Store where the craftsmen are working on top of the roof, print by Hokusai -
Hiroshige II Enshū Akiha (1859) -
Illustration from the book Story of the mince pie by Josephine Scribner Gates, (1916)
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参考资料
- ^ Eden, Maxwell. The Magnificent Book of Kites: Explorations in Design, Construction, Enjoyment & Flight. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2002: 18. ISBN 9781402700941.
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|df=(帮助) - ^ Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of Their Impact, Justin D. Murphy, page 2
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- ^ M. Robinson. Kites On The Winds of War. Members.bellatlantic.net. [2012-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-21）.
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- ^ Focke Achgelis Fa 330
- ^ Gazans Fly Firebombs Tied to Kites Into Israel, Sparking Several Blazes, Haaretz, 16 April 2018
- ^ Gazans use kites to set fire to fields, forests in Israel, JNS, 17 April 2018
- ^ Flaming kite from Gaza sets Israeli warehouse ablaze, Times of Israel, 21 April 2018
- ^ Continuing kite threat puts Israeli farmers on edge, YNET, 24 April 2018
- ^ Kite Terrorism: Compensation to Victims 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2018-05-02., Hadashot, 2 May 2018
- ^ Ronalds, B.F. Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. 2016. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
- ^ Wales launches £25m underwater kite-turbine scheme The Guardian (retrieved 17 November 2015)
- ^ Underwater Kites Can Harness Ocean Currents to Create Clean Energy Smithsonian.com (retrieved 17 November 2015)
- ^ Kite Museums – Drachen Foundation. Drachen.org. [2018-04-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-30）.
- ^ Kite.(2007) Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Britannica.com. [2013-04-22].
- ^ Basant: Colorless skies as ban on kite flying in Pakistan continues. www.aa.com.tr. [2022-03-14].
- ^ Pogadaev, Victor. Svetly Mesyatz-Zmei Kruzhitsa (My Lord Moon Kite) - "Vostochnaya Kollektsia" (Oriental Collection). M.: Russian State Library. N 4 (38), 2009, 129-134. ISSN 1681-7559
- ^ Sijapati, Alisha. Kite fight over Kathmandu. Nepalitimes.com. 8 October 2020 [2020-11-18] （美国英语）.
- ^ Story of a Kite. The New Indian Express. [2018-03-15].
- ^ Weifang World Kite Museum in Weifang,Shandong Province - China.org.cn. China.org.cn. [2020-08-25].
- ^ Skeat, Walter William. Malay Magic: An Introduction to the Folklore and Popular Religion of the Malay Peninsula. Psychology Press. 1965: 485. ISBN 978-0-7146-2026-8.
- ^ 八日市大凧まつり 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2015-05-26.NHK(video)
- ^ GIANT KITE FESTIVALS IN JAPAN 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-03-11. Japanese Kite Collection
- ^ A spectacular festival of some 100 large kites flying over sand dunes. Japan National Tourism Organization
- ^ Hamamatsu Matsuri 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2015-05-27. NHK
- ^ mirantesmt.com. （原始内容存档于2015-08-27）.
- ^ Moore, Brian L. (1995). Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana 1838-1900. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, ISBN 978-0-7735-1354-9
- ^ Brereton, Bridget; Yelvington, Kevin A. (1999). The Colonial Caribbean in Transition. University Press of Florida, ISBN 978-0-8130-1696-2
- ^ Welcome to guyanachronicle.com. [15 December 2021]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-16）.
- ^ Search Results. Guinness World Records. [15 December 2021].
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- ^ Moore, R. Untitled Page. Kitesite.com.au.
- ^ Egypt grounds kites for 'safety', 'national security'. news.yahoo.com. [July 12, 2020].
外部链接
- The earliest depiction of kite flying in European literature in a panorama of Ternate (Moluccas) 1600.
- Mathematics and aeronautical principles of kites.
- Kitecraft and Kite Tournaments (1914)—A free public domain e-book
- Trivedi, Parthsarathi; et al. Aerodynamics of Kites (PDF). [8 February 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于12 June 2013）.
- Eyes on Brazil
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