坏习惯
坏习惯是一种不好的习惯,是负面的行为模式。常见的坏习惯有延宕、超支、刻板印象、讨论八卦、霸凌、咬指甲等[2]。有些坏习惯是对个人的形象或是健康有影响,有些则是会影响人际关系。
发展
有关习惯形成的研究认为人平均花66天就可以养成新的习惯[3][4][5]。此过程一开始会是行为的无症状增加(asymptomatic increase),一开始会加速,之后在一段所谓的“时间周期”后会维持在高原期[4]。有关此发展的时间有许多的变化。戒除坏习惯或是改变不健康行为型模式(例如吸烟)会花比较长的时间[6]。
意愿和意图
区分坏习惯以及成瘾或精神疾患的关键因素是自我管理的成分。若仍可以管理此一习惯,那就只是习惯[7]。好的意图可以克服坏习惯的负面影响,而其效果是独立且加成的,坏习惯还在,被抑制了,但没有完全消除[8]。
相关条目
参考资料
- ^ M. S. Muthu, M. Sivakumar, Oral Habits, Paediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice (Elsevier), 2009: 320, ISBN 9788131210581
- ^ Suzanne LeVert, Gary R. McClain. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Breaking Bad Habits. Alpha Books. 2001. ISBN 0028639863.
- ^ Dean, Jeremy. Making habits Breaking habits. London: Oneworld. 2013: 6–7. ISBN 9781851689897.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Making health habitual: The psychology of 'habit-formation' and general practice (PDF). British Journal of General Practice. December 2012 [2018-12-10].
- ^ Lally Phillippa. How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2009, 40 (6): 998–1009. doi:10.1002/ejsp.674. hdl:10400.12/3364 .
- ^ Nash, Joyce. Lose Weight, Live Healthy: A Complete Guide to Designing Your Own Weight Loss Program. Boulder, CO: Bulls Publishing Company. 2011: 51. ISBN 9781936693146.
- ^ Mariana Valverde. Disease or Habit? Alcoholism and the Exercise of Freedom. Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom. 1998. ISBN 0521644690.
- ^ Bas Verplanken, Suzanne Faes, Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating, European Journal of Social Psychology, 21 Jun 1999, 29 (5–6): 591–604, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<591::AID-EJSP948>3.0.CO;2-H