蠑螺科

蠑螺科
	Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	腹足綱 Gastropoda
亞綱：	古腹足亞綱 Vetigastropoda
目：	鐘螺目 Trochida
總科：	鐘螺總科 Trochoidea
科：	蠑螺科 Turbinidae; Rafinesque, 1815
屬與種
	見內文

蠑螺科（學名：Turbinidae）是一個包括有小型到大型海洋腹足綱軟體動物的一個科^[1]。舊屬原始腹足目，現時蠑螺科是鐘螺目鐘螺總科之下的一個科^[2]。

本科在2005年的分類很龐大，包含多個亞科與物種^[3]，但這些亞科後來都從蠑螺科獨立出來，組成各自的科與總科，到現在又重聚到鐘螺總科之下^[2]。

型態特徵

本科物種的一大特徵，是其鈣質的口蓋，使之與非常近似但有着角質口蓋的鐘螺科物種分辨開來。蠑螺科物種堅固的口蓋成為了牠們的一種被動的防禦構造，得以抵擋捕食者嘗試從其殼口或殼唇進侵其柔軟的身體。

貝殼多呈陀螺形。分佈於熱帶、亞熱帶、溫帶的海洋，以熱帶水域為多，棲息於潮間帶到淺海之岩礁區。

分佈及棲息地

按照Williams et al. (2008)，蠑螺科物種由多個支序組成，而且無論在淺水區或深水區皆有其物種棲息^[4]。本科物種有很廣闊的分佈範圍，從熱帶到極帶均有分佈，但絕大多數物種都棲息於熱帶及亞熱帶的淺水區。

分類

蠑螺科原為前鰓亞綱原始腹足目蠑螺總科的成員。現時蠑螺總科成為了鐘螺總科的異名。然而，這一個頗為古老的腹足綱群組很可能源於2.98億到2.50億年前的二疊紀^[5]。本科物種的型態仍然保有多種原始（英語：primitive (phylogenetics)）的特徵，例如：牠們的螺殼內的珠母層。

2005年分類

根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，蠑螺科是蠑螺總科的成員，由下列八個亞科組成^[3]：

Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
海豚螺亞科 Angariinae Gray, 1857^[6]：又名棘冠螺亞科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亞科的異名。
縮口螺亞科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917^[7]^[6]
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
† Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：異名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼寫錯誤。^[8]
篷螺亞科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851^[6]：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亞科的異名。
Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

2008年分類

根據Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蠑螺科被重新定義，還被移到鐘螺總科^[4]。與此同時，原來蠑螺科之下的海豚螺亞科獲提至科級，成為了鐘螺總科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原來蠑螺科的縮口螺亞科在提升至科級成為縮口螺科（Colloniidae）之餘，再與蠑螺總科的雉螺科改為合組新的雉螺總科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）^[4]；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae^[4]。這個時候的蠑螺科包括下列五個亞科^[4]：

蠑螺亞科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：異名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
Margaritinae ^[9]：根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，這個亞科由以下三個族組成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：獲提升至科級成為Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

下列在2005年分類提及過的亞科都保留了：

Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria這個屬的物種並未有包括在2010年的分子研究裏^[4]^[10]
† Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

2017年分類

亞倫氏螺屬（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到縮口螺科去^[11]。

以下為本科現時餘下的屬^[12]。

屬

The shell of *Guildfordia yoka*, a deep water turbinid

現時本科包括以下各屬：

不屬於任何亞科：

Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
Tropidomarga Powell, 1951

蠑螺亞科（Turbininae）^[12]

Astraea Röding, 1798
星螺屬 Astralium Link, 1807
Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
擬星螺屬 Bolma Risso, 1826
Cookia Lesson, 1832
刺螺屬 Guildfordia Gray, 1850
Lithopoma Gray, 1850
珠螺屬 Lunella Röding, 1798
Megastraea McLean, 1970^[13]
Modelia Gray, 1850
Pomaulax Gray, 1850
Sarmaturbo Powell, 1938 †
蠑螺屬 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758：模式屬
Uvanilla Gray, 1850

Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

Prisogaster Mörch, 1850^[8]

異名：

Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
† Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
† Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826
† Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
† Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847

參考文獻

^ Bouchet, P. Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英語）.
^ Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 中國科學院中國動物志編輯委員會主編；董正之編著 (編). 中国动物志. 無脊椎動物第29卷軟體動物門腹足綱原始腹足目馬蹄螺總科. 科學出版社. 2002: 210頁 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-03）（中文（簡體））.
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為WoRMS_382202的參考文獻提供內容
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 編. Prisogasterinae. WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –透過WoRMS.
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Thiele, 1924的參考文獻提供內容
^ Search for Moelleria. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-06）.
^ Yaronia Mienis, 2011. WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 編. Turbininae. WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –透過WoRMS.
^ Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (編). A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英語）.

Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 （英語）.

外部連結

Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Seashells of New South Wales: Skeneinae （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[WoRMS_503-1] Bouchet, P. Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS.

[Bouchet_2017-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.

[Bouchet_2005-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.

[Williams_2008-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英語）.

[Alf_&_Kreipl_2003-5] Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.

[dzz2002-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 中國科學院中國動物志編輯委員會主編；董正之編著 (編). 中国动物志. 無脊椎動物第29卷軟體動物門腹足綱原始腹足目馬蹄螺總科. 科學出版社. 2002: 210頁 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-03）（中文（簡體））.

[WoRMS_382202-7] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為WoRMS_382202的參考文獻提供內容

[WoRMS_382193-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 編. Prisogasterinae. WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –透過WoRMS.

[Thiele,_1924-9] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Thiele, 1924的參考文獻提供內容

[10] Search for Moelleria. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-06）.

[11] Yaronia Mienis, 2011. WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].

[WoRMS_225151-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 編. Turbininae. WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –透過WoRMS.

[13] Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (編). A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英語）.

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