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Constantine IV
Emperor of the Romans
Constantine IV, mosaic in basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna.
Byzantine emperor
統治September 668 – September 685
加冕約 13 April 654[1]
前任Constans II
繼任Justinian II
Co-emperors
出生約 652
Constantinople
逝世September 685 (aged 33)[2]
Constantinople
安葬
Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople
配偶Anastasia（英語：Anastasia, wife of Constantine IV）
子嗣
朝代Heraclian（英語：Heraclian dynasty）
父親Constans II
母親Fausta（英語：Fausta, wife of Constans II）
宗教信仰Chalcedonian Christianity（英語：Chalcedonian Christianity）
Constantine the New
Holy and Right-Believing（英語：Right-Believing） Emperor of the Romans
敬禮於Eastern Orthodoxy[3]
主要朝聖地Church of the Holy Apostles
瞻禮3 September（英語：September 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)）
象徵（英語：Saint symbolism）Imperial attire
希拉克略王朝
年表
演替

Constantine IV (希臘語：Κωνσταντῖνος，羅馬化：Kōnstantinos; c. 652-685), called the Younger (Greek: ὁ νέος, ho neos)[4][5] and sometimes incorrectly Pogonatos (Greek: Πωγωνάτος, "the Bearded") out of confusion with his father,[6] was Byzantine Emperor from 668 to 685. His reign saw the first serious check to nearly 50 years of uninterrupted Islamic expansion, while his calling of the Sixth Ecumenical Council saw the end of the monothelitism controversy in the Byzantine Empire; for this, he is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with his feast day on September 3（英語：September 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)）.[3]

Early career

The eldest son of Constans II, Constantine IV had been named a co-emperor with his father in 654.[7] He had been given the responsibility of managing the affairs at Constantinople during his father's extended absence in Italy[來源請求] and became senior Emperor when Constans was assassinated in 668.[8] His mother was Fausta（英語：Fausta, wife of Constans II）, daughter of patrician Valentinus（英語：Valentinus (usurper)）.[9]

The first task before the new Emperor was the suppression of the military revolt in Sicily under Mezezius which had led to his father's death.[10] Within seven months of his accession, Constantine IV had dealt with the insurgency with the support of Pope Vitalian,[11] but this success was overshadowed by troubles in the east.

As early as 668 the Caliph Muawiyah I received an invitation from Saborios（英語：Saborios）, the commander of the troops in Armenia, to help overthrow the Emperor at Constantinople.[12] He sent an army under his son Yazid against the Byzantine Empire. Yazid reached Chalcedon and took the important Byzantine center Amorion.[13] While the city was quickly recovered, the Arabs next attacked Carthage and Sicily in 669.[14] In 670 the Arabs captured Cyzicus and set up a base from which to launch further attacks into the heart of the Empire.[8] Their fleet captured Smyrna and other coastal cities in 672.[15] Finally, in 672, the Arabs sent a large fleet to attack Constantinople by sea.[15] While Constantine was distracted by this, the Slavs laid siege（英語：Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)） to Thessalonica.[8]

The Siege of Constantinople (674–678)

主條目：Siege of Constantinople (674–678)
Coin issued by Constantine.

Commencing in 674, the Arabs launched the long-awaited siege of Constantinople. The great fleet that had been assembled set sail under the command of Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr（英語：Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr）[14] before the end of the year; during the winter months some of the ships anchored at Smyrna, the rest off the coast of Cilicia.[14] Additional squadrons reinforced the forces of Abd ar-Rahman before they proceeded to the Hellespont, into which they sailed in about April 674.[14] From April to September 674 the fleet lay moored from the promontory of Hebdomon（英語：Hebdomon）, on the Propontis, as far as the promontory of Kyklobion（英語：Kyklobion）, near the Golden Gate, and throughout those months continued to engage with the Byzantine fleet which defended the harbour from morning to evening.[14]

Knowing that it was only a matter of time before Constantinople was under siege, Constantine had ensured that the city was well provisioned.[14] He also constructed a large number of fireships and fast-sailing boats provided with tubes or siphons for squirting fire. This is the first known use of Greek fire in combat,[15] which was one of the key advantages that the Byzantines possessed. In September the Arabs, having failed in their attempts to take the city, sailed to Cyzicus, which they made their winter quarters.[16] Over the following five years, the Arabs returned each spring to continue the siege of Constantinople, but with the same results.[14] The city survived, and finally in 678 the Arabs were forced to raise the siege. The Arabs withdrew and were almost simultaneously defeated on land in Lycia in Anatolia.[8] This unexpected reverse forced Muawiyah I to seek a truce with Constantine. The terms of the concluded truce required the Arabs to evacuate the islands they had seized in the Aegean, and for the Byzantines to pay an annual tribute to the Caliphate consisting of fifty slaves, fifty horses, and 300,000 nomismata（英語：nomismata）.[16] The raising of the siege allowed Constantine to go to the relief of Thessalonica（英語：Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)）, still under siege from the Sclaveni（英語：Sclaveni）.[8]

Later reign

A solidus showing Constantine and his brothers, minted before 681 when the latter were mutilated.

With the temporary passing of the Arab threat, Constantine turned his attention to the Church, which was torn between Monothelitism and Orthodoxy.[17] In November 680 Constantine convened the Sixth Ecumenical Council (also known as the Third Council of Constantinople).[8] Constantine presided in person during the formal aspects of the proceedings (the first eleven sittings and then the eighteenth), surrounded by his court officials, but he took no active role in the theological discussions.[18] The Council reaffirmed the Orthodox doctrines of the Council of Chalcedon in 451.[來源請求] This solved the controversy over monothelitism; conveniently for the Empire, most monothelites were now under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate.[8] The council closed in September 681.[19]

Due to the ongoing conflicts with the Arabs during the 670s, Constantine had been forced to conclude treaties in the west with the Lombards, who had captured Brindisi and Taranto.[20] Also in 680, the Bulgars under Khan Asparukh crossed the Danube into nominally Imperial territory and began to subjugate the local communities and Slavic tribes.[8] In 680, Constantine IV led a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieged their fortified camp in Dobruja.[21] Suffering from bad health, the Emperor had to leave the army, which panicked and was defeated（英語：Battle of Ongal） by the Bulgars.[22] In 681, Constantine was forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia and to pay tribute/protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine Thrace.[17] Consequently, Constantine created the Theme of Thrace.[20]

His brothers Heraclius and Tiberius（英語：Tiberius (son of Constans II)） had been crowned with him as Augusti during the reign of their father,[23] and this was confirmed by the demand of the populace,[24] but in 681 Constantine had them mutilated（英語：Political mutilation in Byzantine culture） by slitting their noses so they would be considered ineligible to rule.[8] At the same time he associated on the throne his own young son Justinian II. Constantine died of dysentery in September 685.[25]

Family

By his wife Anastasia（英語：Anastasia, wife of Constantine IV）, Constantine IV had at least two sons:

  • Constantine IV was portrayed by Iossif Surchadzhiev（英語：Iossif Surchadzhiev） in the 1981 Bulgarian movie Aszparuh（英語：Aszparuh）, directed by Ludmil Staikov.
  • Constantine IV is the subject of the song "Imperator" ("Emperor"), released by the Bulgarian heavy metal band Epizod（英語：Epizod） in their 2012 album Moyata molitva ("My prayer").

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

  • Bury, J.B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II, MacMillan & Co., 1889
  • Garland, Lynda, Anastasia (Wife of Constantine IV). De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. 15 July 2000 [27 February 2019]. 
  • Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 6. Oxford: William Pickering. 1827. 
  • Grumel, Venance. "Quel est l'empereur Constantin le nouveau commémoré dans le Synaxaire au 3 septembre?." Analecta Bollandiana 84.1–2 (1966): 254–260. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02605
  • Kazhdan, Alexander (編), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 
  • Meyendorff, John. Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.. The Church in history 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-88-141056-3. 
  • Moore, R. Scott, "Constantine IV (668 -685 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997)
  • Norwich, John Julius, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, Penguin（英語：Penguin Group）, 1990, ISBN 0-14-011447-5 
  • Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1956. 
  • Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford University Press, 1997) ISBN 0-8047-2630-2
  • Zuckerman, C. A Gothia in the Hellespont in the Early Eighth Century. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 1995, 19 (1): 234–242. doi:10.1179/030701395790836649. 

See also

References

  1. ^ PBW（英語：Prosopography of the Byzantine World）, "Konstantinos IV".
  2. ^ 10 July 685 according to the Chronicon Altinate（英語：Chronicon Altinate）
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 September 3/September 16. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
  4. ^ Zuckerman 1995.
  5. ^ Grumel 1966.
  6. ^ Norwich, p. 316
  7. ^ Kazhdan, p. 500
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Moore, Constantine IV
  9. ^ Kazhdan, p. 496
  10. ^ Bury, p. 303
  11. ^ Bury, p. 315
  12. ^ Bury, p. 306
  13. ^ Bury, p. 307
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Bury, p. 310
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Norwich, p. 323
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Norwich, p. 324
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Norwich, p. 326
  18. ^ Bury, p. 317
  19. ^ Bury, p. 316
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Kazhdan, p. 501
  21. ^ Bury, pp.333-334
  22. ^ Norwich, p. 325
  23. ^ Dumbarton Oaks, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Vol. II, Part 2 (1968), p. 513
  24. ^ Bury, p. 308
  25. ^ Norwich, p. 327
  26. ^ Garland, 2000
  27. ^ Gibbon 1827，第99頁.
維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：Tpoas/沙盒
Tpoas/沙盒
出生於：652逝世於：685
統治者頭銜
前任者：
Constans II 		Byzantine Emperor
15 September 668 – September 685
與Constans II, 654–668同時在任
Heraclius and Tiberius（英語：Tiberius (son of Constans II)）, 659–681 		繼任者：
Justinian II

Template:Roman Emperors Template:Byzantine Empire topics


Category:7th-century Byzantine emperors（英語：Category:7th-century Byzantine emperors） Category:Heraclian Dynasty（英語：Category:Heraclian Dynasty） Category:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars（英語：Category:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars） Category:660s in the Byzantine Empire（英語：Category:660s in the Byzantine Empire） Category:670s in the Byzantine Empire（英語：Category:670s in the Byzantine Empire） Category:680s in the Byzantine Empire（英語：Category:680s in the Byzantine Empire） Category:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles（英語：Category:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles）

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