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C·范恩·伍德沃德
C. Vann Woodward
File:Woodward-C-Vann.jpg
出生Comer Vann Woodward
(1908-11-13)1908年11月13日
美國阿肯色州范代爾
逝世1999年12月17日(1999歲—12—17)（91歲）
美國康乃狄克州哈姆登
母校
獎項
科學生涯
機構
博士導師Howard K. Beale（英語：Howard K. Beale）
博士生John W. Blassingame（英語：John W. Blassingame）
其他著名學生

科莫·范恩·伍德沃德（英語：Comer Vann Woodward；1908年11月13日—1999年12月17日）是美國歷史學家，主攻美國南方和種族關係，曾獲普利策歷史獎。

長期以來，他一直是查爾斯·A·比爾德做法的支持者，強調政治中看不見的經濟動機的影響。1950年代，他是自由主義者和民權支持者。他證明種族隔離是19世紀末的發明，而不是某種永恆標準，他的著作《吉姆·克羅的奇異生平》，據小馬丁·路德·金說，是「民權運動的歷史聖經」。[1]

生平

早年

出生於阿肯色州東部克羅斯縣范代爾，就讀於莫里爾頓高中。 

Woodward attended Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 in Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。. He attended Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, a small 循道宗 school in 阿卡德尔菲亚 (阿肯色州), for two years. In 1930 he transferred to 埃默里大學 in 亚特兰大, 喬治亞州, where his uncle was dean of students and professor of 社会学. After graduating, he taught English composition for two years at 佐治亚理工学院 in Atlanta. There he met Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and J. Saunders Redding, a historian at Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。.[2]

Woodward enrolled in graduate school at 哥倫比亞大學 in 1931 and received his M.A. from that institution in 1932. In New York, Woodward met, and was influenced by, W·E·B·杜波依斯, 朗斯頓·休斯, and other figures who were associated with the 哈萊姆文藝復興 movement. After receiving his master's degree in 1932, Woodward worked for the defense of Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, a young 非裔美國人 美國共產黨 member who had been accused of subversive activities. He also traveled to the 蘇聯 and 德國 in 1932.[3]

He did graduate work in history and 社會學 at the 北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校. He was granted a Ph.D. in history in 1937, using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。. Woodward's dissertation director was Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, a 美國重建時期 specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor.[4]

In 第二次世界大戰, Woodward served in the Navy, assigned to write the history of major battles. His The 雷伊泰灣海戰 (1947) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history.

生涯

Woodward, starting out on the left politically, wanted to use history to explore dissent. He approached W·E·B·杜波依斯 about writing about him, and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of 尤金·V·德布斯.[5] He picked Georgia politician Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, who in the 1890s was a 民粹主義 leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment, banks, railroads and businessmen. Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the 人民黨 (美國), but this time was the leader in mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks, and a promoter of lynching.[6][7]

The Strange Career of Jim Crow

Woodward's most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955), which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable. After the Supreme Court's decision in 布朗訴托皮卡教育局案, in spring 1954, Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia. The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow.[8] With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery, Alabama, in March 1965, 馬丁·路德·金 proclaimed the book "the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement."[1] It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

Jim Crow laws, Woodward argued, were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction; they came later and were not inevitable. Following the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed "forgotten alternatives" in others. Finally the 1890s saw white southerners "capitulate to racism" to create "legally prescribed, rigidly enforced, state-wide Jim Crowism."[9]

Origins of the New South, 1877–1913

Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South, 1877–1913, which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South. It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history, and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension. He insisted on the discontinuity of the era, and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the 敗局命定論 School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。. Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, a Woodward student, hails the book, explaining:[10]

Of one thing we may be certain at the outset. The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of a middle class. It is not a happy story. The Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 are revealed to be as venal as the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。.

The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions.

Appointments, teaching and awards

Woodward taught at 約翰斯·霍普金斯大學 from 1946 to 1961.[11] He became Sterling Professor of History at 耶魯大學 from 1961 to 1977, where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates. He did much writing but little original research at Yale, writing frequent essays for such outlets as the 紐約書評.[12] He directed scores of PhD dissertations, including those by Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale; Daniel W. Crofts, former chair of the History Department at The College of New Jersey; 詹姆斯·M·麥克弗森; Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, Professor of History at the 科羅拉多大學波德分校; Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, Professor of History at the 多倫多大學; Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, Professor of History at the 賓夕法尼亞大學; John Herbert Roper, Richardson Chair of American History at Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。; and David L. Carlton, Professor of History at 范德堡大學.

In 1974, the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the 美國總統 responded. Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months, Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct.

In 1978 the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 selected Woodward for the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the 人文學科. His lecture, entitled "The European Vision of America,"[13] was later incorporated into his book The Old World's New World.[14]

Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, an edited version of Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。's 南北戰爭 diary. He won the 班克洛夫特獎 for Origins of the New South.

Move to the Right

彼得·諾維克 says, "Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the "presentism" of his work. He alternated between denying it, qualifying it, and apologizing for it."[15] British historian Michael O'Brien, the editor of Woodward's letters in 2013, says that by the 1970s:

He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement, disliked affirmative action, never came to grips with feminism, mistrusted what came to be known as "theory," and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and "political correctness."[16]

In 1969, as president of the 美國歷史學會, Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization. He wrote his daughter afterwards, "The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn."[17]

In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 to teach a course.[18] Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 and the 美國歷史學會 exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used. In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left. Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。's Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus. It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded.[19] Hackney says, "Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table."[20]

1999年12月17日於康乃狄克州哈姆登去世，時年91歲。

遺產

The Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 has established the C. Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize, awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history. There is a Peter V. and C. Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale; it is now held by southern historian Lua錯誤：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。. (Peter was Woodward's son, who died at age 25 in 1969.[21])

著作

書籍

  • Tom Watson, Agrarian Rebel (1938)
  • The Battle for Leyte Gulf (1947, new ed. 1965)
  • Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (1951) borrow for 14 days
  • Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (1951, rev. ed. 1991)
  • The Strange Career of Jim Crow. (1st ed. February 1955; 2nd ed. August 1965; 3rd ed. NY:Oxford University Press, 1974). ISBN 978-0-19-501805-9. borrow for 14 days
  • The Age of Reinterpretation (1961). pamphlet
  • The Burden of Southern History (1955; 3rd ed. 1993) at archive.org
  • The Comparative Approach to American History (1968), editor
  • American Counterpoint (1971). essays
  • Mary Chesnut's Civil War (1981), editor. 普利策獎.
  • Oxford History of the United States（英語：Oxford History of the United States） (1982–2018), series editor.
  • The Private Mary Chestnut: The Unpublished Civil War Diaries (1984) edited, with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld.
  • Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Louisiana State University Press, 1986). memoirs
  • The Old World's New World (1991). lectures
  • The Letters of C. Vann Woodward. edited by Michael O'Brien, (Yale University Press, 2013)

主要論文

參考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Hackney, 2009
  2. ^ John Herbert Roper, C. Vann Woodward: Southerner (1987) ch 1–2
  3. ^ Roper, C. Vann Woodward (1987) ch 3
  4. ^ Roper, C. Vann Woodward (1987) ch 4
  5. ^ Hackney, (2009)
  6. ^ C. Vann Woodward, "Tom Watson and the Negro in agrarian politics." Journal of Southern History 4#1 (1938): 14–33. in JSTOR
  7. ^ Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (Macmillan, 1938).
  8. ^ Roper, C. Vann Woodward, pp 171–200
  9. ^ Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1974 edition), page xii.
  10. ^ Hackney (1972) p. 191
  11. ^ Roper, C. Vann Woodward (1987) pp 134–135, 141
  12. ^ Roper, C. Vann Woodward (1987) p 197
  13. ^ Jefferson Lecturers at NEH Website (retrieved January 22, 2009).
  14. ^ C. Vann Woodward, The Old World's New World (Oxford University Press, 1991), ISBN 978-0-19-506451-3.
  15. ^ Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The 'Objectivity Question' and the American Historical Profession (1988) p 359
  16. ^ Michael O'Brien, ed., The Letters of C. Vann Woodward (2013) p. xl
  17. ^ Hackney, 2009, p 32
  18. ^ Roper, C. Vann Woodward (1987) pp 268–284
  19. ^ John Hope Franklin, Mirror To America: The Autobiography of John Hope Franklin (2005), pp 325–328.
  20. ^ Hackney, 2009, p 33
  21. ^ Woodward, Susan Lampland. In Memoriam: Pete Woodward. Yale University Class of 1964. [15 December 2016]. 

擴展閱讀

  • Boles, John B., and Bethany L. Johnson, eds. Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later (2003), articles by scholars online review
  • Ferrell, Robert. "C. Vann Woodward" in Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945–2000. ed by Robert Allen Rutland; (2000) pp 170–81
  • Hackney, Sheldon. "Origins of the New South in Retrospect," Journal of Southern History (1972) 38#2 pp. 191–216 in JSTOR
  • Hackney, Sheldon. "C. Vann Woodward: 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (2001) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR
  • Hackney, Sheldon. "C. Vann Woodward, Dissenter," Historically Speaking (2009) 10#1 pp. 31–34 in Project MUSE
  • Kousser, J. Morgan and James McPherson, eds. Religion, Race and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward (1982), festschrift of articles; also lists most of his PhD students
  • Lerner, Mitchell, "Conquering the Hearts of the People: Lyndon Johnson, C. Vann Woodward, and 'The Irony of Southern History,'" Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 (Oct. 2011), 155–71.
  • Potter, David M. "C. Vann Woodward," in Pastmasters: Some Essays on American Historians, ed. Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W. Winks (1969).
  • Rabinowitz, Howard N. "More Than the Woodward Thesis: Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow," Journal of American History (1988) 75#3 pp 842–856. in JSTOR
    • Woodward, C. Vann. "Strange Career Critics: Long May They Persevere," Journal of American History (1988) 75#3 pp 857–868. a reply to Rabinowitz, in JSTOR
  • Roper, John Herbert. C. Vann Woodward, Southerner (1987), biography
  • Roper, John Herbert, ed. C. Vann Woodward: A Southern Historian and His Critics (1997) essays about Woodward

外部連結

Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1976–2000 Template:Reconstruction era

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