Geoffrey West, President of the Santa Fe Institute.

"As animals get bigger, from tiny shrew to huge blue whale, pulse rates slow down and life spans stretch out longer, conspiring so that the number of heartbeats during an average stay on Earth tends to be roughly the same, around a billion. A mouse just uses them up more quickly than an elephant."

<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/45848665">More biological thoughts</a> from Geoffrey West, President of the Santa Fe Institute.

He recently extended his scaling law analyses from the organism to societies, finding economy of scale analogies in the phenomena of cities. But unlike biology, the exponent is greater than one, implying accelerating growth.

“Cities are where ideas are born… and that is a far more powerful growth stimulant than economies of scale. The presence of qualified professions and entrepreneurs constitutes a reason for a place to grow. If you can create a place that is exciting intellectually, that tends to attract more people. The findings are surprising because they suggest that cities follow growth trajectories that have no biological counterpart. This year, for the first time, more people will live in cities than in rural areas, according to UN projections. At this tipping point in human history, it is worth trying to understand the mechanisms behind urbanisation and where it is headed.” (From <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg19426051.400-ideas-the-lifeblood-of-cities.html">New Scientist</a>)

“While most of us imagine idyllic rural America as the epitome of sustainable living, conventional wisdom is exactly backward. Cities are bastions of environmentalism. People who live in densely populated places lead environmentally friendly lives. They consume fewer resources per person and take up less space. And because efficiency scales with the size of the population, big cities are always more efficient than small cities. Bottom line: The secret to creating a more environmentally sustainable society is making our big cities bigger. We need more metropolises. The researchers also found that as cities got bigger, each individual got more productive. A doubling of population led to a more than doubling of creative and economic output.” (excerpts from <a href="http://www.ceosforcities.org/conversations/blog/2007/07/the_living_city.php">Seed</a>, Aug 2007)