鵝膏菌屬
(重定向自鵝膏屬)
鵝膏菌屬 | |
---|---|
毒蠅傘 Amanita muscaria | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
门: | 担子菌门 Basidiomycota |
纲: | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
目: | 伞菌目 Agaricales |
科: | 鹅膏菌科 Amanitaceae |
属: | 鵝膏菌屬 Amanita Pers., 1797 |
模式種 | |
毒蠅傘 Amanita muscaria | |
多样性 | |
約600種 | |
異名 | |
Aspidella |
鵝膏菌屬(学名:Amanita)包含大約600個傘菌物種,包含一些世界有名的最毒菇類,但也包括一些可食用菇類。本屬的菇類造成了95%的毒菇致死案例,其中光是毒鹅膏就占有50%。在這些菇類中被發現到最強力的毒性成分為α-鵝膏菌素。
本屬也包含了很多可食用菇類,但是真菌學家不鼓勵菇類獵人,除具有足夠知識的專家外,選取此屬內任何菇類給予人類食用。雖然如此,一些鵝膏菌屬菇類在生長季節期間是當地主流食用品種。其中一些例子是在中部非洲的Amanita zambiana和其他肉質品種、墨西哥的A. basii和相似品種、歐洲的白橙蓋鵝膏、和東南亞的白條蓋鵝膏菌。也有一些被用來做著色調味料,像是廣泛生長於加拿大東部和墨西哥東部的紅色A. jacksonii。
本屬很多物種目前不知道是否可食用,尤其在澳洲等很多菌種都只有少量認知的國家。
分类
此章节的準確性有爭議。 |
鵝膏菌屬中物种众多,有至少500个物种和很多变种,因此下面只列出一些著名的物种。下列的亚属是由Corner(1962年)和Bas(1962年、1969年)划分,并被Tulloss(2007年)使用。标有一星号者(*)代表此物种是该组的模式种,标有二星号者(**)代表该物种是整个属的模式种。
鵝膏菌亞屬 subg. Amanita
鵝膏菌節 sect. Amanita
- 長柄鵝膏 Amanita altipes(中国西南部)
- Amanita armeniaca Amanita armeniaca – gypsy amanita(澳大利亚)
- 小托柄鹅膏 Amanita farinosa – (北美洲东部到中美洲)
- 冰霜鵝膏 Amanita frostiana – Frost's amanita(北美洲东部)
- 黄盖鹅膏 Amanita gemmata – gemmed mushroom, jewelled amanita
- 毒蠅傘 Amanita muscaria ** – fly agaric(世界各地)
- 豹斑鵝膏 Amanita pantherina – panther mushroom, panther cap (北半球)
- 小豹斑鹅膏 Amanita parvipantherina – 满天星(中国西南部)
- 假豹斑鹅膏 Amanita pseudopantherina – 满天星(中国西南部)
- 锥鳞白鹅膏 Amanita virgineoides - white-colored (日本)
- 朱紅傘鵝膏 Amanita xanthocephala – vermillion grisette (澳大利亚)
灰鵝膏節 sect. Vaginatae
- 圈托鹅膏菌 Amanita ceciliae (Amanita inaurata) - Cecilia's ringless amanita, snakeskin grisette(欧洲)
- 褐黄鹅膏菌 Amanita crocea – orange grisette, saffron ringless amanita (欧洲)
- 赤褐鹅膏菌 Amanita fulva – tawny grisette, orange-brown ringless amanita (欧洲)
- Amanita liquii Amanita liquii (中国西南部)
- 雪白鹅膏菌 Amanita nivalis (雪白毒鹅膏) – mountain grisette, snow ringless amanita (北极高山)
- Amanita orientifulva Amanita orientifulva (中国西南部)
- 厚环鹅膏 Amanita pachycolea – Stuntz' great ringless amanita, western grisette (北美洲西部)
- Amanita umbrinolutea Amanita umbrinolutea – umber-zoned ringless amanita
- 灰鹅膏 Amanita vaginata * – grisette
- 具托大鵝膏菌Amanita velosa – springtime amanita, bittersweet orange ringless amanita (北美洲西部)
橙鵝膏節 sect. Caesareae
- Amanita basii Amanita basii – (墨西哥)
- 橙盖鹅膏菌 Amanita caesarea * – Caesar's mushroom, caesar, royal amanita(欧洲南部)
- 白条盖鹅膏 Amanita chepangiana Tulloss & Bhandary –(东南亚)
- 红黄鹅膏 Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (species complex) – half-dyed slender caesar (泛热带区)
- Amanita jacksonii Amanita jacksonii – Jackson's slender caesar, American caesar (北美洲东部)
- Amanita lanei Amanita lanei (= Amanita calyptrata) – coccora, coccoli (北美洲西部)
- Amanita spreta Amanita spreta – hated amanita, hated caesar(北美洲东部)
- Amanita zambiana Amanita zambiana – Zambian slender caesar(非洲)
亚属 Lepidella
sect. Lepidella
- Amanita austroviridis(澳大利亚) – Australian verdigris lepidella
- Amanita ananaeceps – white-veiled lepidella, Australian pineapple lepidella(澳大利亚)
- Amanita cokeri E.-J. Gilbert & Kühner ex E.-J. Gilbert 1940, – Coker's lepidella
- Amanita nauseosa (Wakef.) D.A. Reid 1966
- Amanita smithiana Bas 1969 – Smith's lepidella(北美洲西部)
- Amanita solitaria – European solitary lepidella
- Amanita thiersii – Thiers' lepidella(北美洲东部)
- 白鳞粗柄鹅膏菌 Amanita vittadinii * – barefoot amanita, Vittadini's lepidella
sect. Amidella
- Amanita ovoidea – bearded amanita, European egg amidella (欧洲南部)
- 苞脚鹅膏菌 Amanita volvata * – American amidella (北美洲东部)
剧毒鹅膏组 sect. Phalloideae
- Amanita arocheae – Latin American death cap (中美洲、南美洲)
- Amanita virosiformis – narrow-spored destroying angel(佛罗里达州)
- Amanita bisporigera – (北美洲东部)
- Amanita ocreata – (北美洲西部)
- 灰花纹毒鹅膏菌 Amanita fuligineoides – 麻毒伞(中国南部)
- 淡红毒鹅膏菌 Amanita pallidorosea – 白毒伞(中国南部)
- 裂皮毒鹅膏菌 Amanita rimosa – (中国南部)
- 致命鹅膏菌 Amanita exitialis – (中国南部)
- 隐花青鹅膏菌 Amanita manginiana – 草鸡棕(东亚)
- 假褐云斑鹅膏菌 Amanita pseudoporphyria – Hongo's false death cap(东亚、南亚)
- 黄盖毒鹅膏菌 Amanita subjunquillea – 黄毒伞(东亚、东南亚)
- 黄盖毒鹅膏菌白色亚种 Amanita subjunquillea var. alba – 白毒伞(东亚、东南亚)
- 鱗柄白毒鵝膏菌 Amanita virosa – (亚洲、欧洲)
- 黄绿毒鵝膏菌 Amanita phalloides * – (欧洲)
- 白毒鹅膏菌 Amanita verna –
sect. Validae
- Amanita brunnescens – brown star-footed amanita, cleft-footed amanita (北美洲)
- Amanita citrina – citrine amanita, false death cap
- Amanita excelsa v. spissa * (=Amanita spissa or Amanita valida) – grey-spotted amanita, European false blusher
- Amanita flavella – orange amanita, Australian yellow-dust amanita(澳大利亚)
- Amanita flavoconia – yellow patches, American yellow-dust amanita(北美洲东部)
- Amanita flavorubens – yellow blusher(北美洲东部)
- Amanita franchetii (= Amanita aspera) – yellow-veiled amanita(北美洲)
- Amanita novinupta – western blusher, blushing bride (北美洲西部)
- Amanita porphyria – purple-brown amanita, porphyry amanita
- Amanita rubescens – European blusher, golmotte(欧洲、北美洲东部)
- 其他:
- 白长根鹅膏 Amanita alboradicata P. Zhang
- 有环鹅膏 Amanita annulata L.P. Tang & W.H. Zhang
- Amanita brunneofolia J.W. Jo, H.S. Kim, Y.-N. Kwag & C.S. Kim[1]
- 杵形鹅膏 Amanita chuformis Y.Y. Cui et al.
- 粉色鹅膏 Amanita fense M. Mu & L.P. Tang
- 灰花纹鹅膏 Amanita fuliginea Hongo[2]
- 欧氏鹅膏 Amanita foberwinklerana Zhu L.Yang& Yoshim Doi[2]
- 格纹鹅膏 Amanita fritillariaf
- 格纹鹅膏原变型 Amanita fritillariaf fritillaria(Berk.) Sacc.[2]
- 褐锥鹅膏 Amanita fulvopyramidalis P. Zhang
- 灰疣鹅膏 Amanita griseoverrucosa Zhu L.Yang ex.Zhu L.Yang[2]
- 赤脚鹅膏 Amanita gymnopus Comer& Bas[2]
- 日本鹅膏 Amanita japonica Hongo ex Bas 1969[2]
- Amanita kitamagotake N.Endo & A.Yamada, 2018
- 异味鹅膏 Amanita kotohiraensis Nagas & Mitani[2]
- 小毒蝇鹅膏 Amanita melleiceps Hongo[2]
- 沙地鹅膏 Amanita orientisororia T. Bau & Zhu L. Yang
- 中华鹅膏 Amanita sinensis Zhu L.Yang[2]
- 黄盖鹅膏 Amanita subjunguillea
- 黄盖鹅膏白色变种 Amanita subjunguillea var. subjunguillea S.Imai[2]
- Amanita submelleialba Yuan S. Liu & S. Lumyong, 2021[3]
- 残托鹅膏 Amanita sychnopyramis
- 残托鹅膏有环变种 Amanita sychnopyramis f. subannulata Hongo,异名 Amanita lkwangsiensis Y.C.Wang[2]
- 锥鳞白鹅膏 Amanita virgineoides Bas, 1969[2]
參考資料
- ^ Jong Won Jo, Young-Nam Kwag, Hyung So Kim, Hyun Lee, Sang-Kuk Han, Jae-Gu Han, Seung Hwan Oh and Chang Sun Kim. 2020. A New Species and Two New Records of Amanita (Amanitaceae; Basidiomycota) from South Korea. Phytotaxa. 451(1); 21–33. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.451.1.2
- ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 李鹏, 邓旺秋, 宋斌. 广东省鹅膏菌种类[C]// 2012年中国菌物学会学术年会. 2012.
- ^ Liu, Yuan S., Liu, Jian-Kui, Mortimer, Peter E.,et al. Amanita submelleialba sp. nov. in section Amanita from northern Thailand[J]. PHYTOTAXA,2021,513(2):129-140.
- Donk, M.A. The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae. Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia. 1962, 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238.
- Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms demystified (2nd ed). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4
- Bas C. (1969). Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5: 285-579.
- Corner, EJH and Bas C. (1962). The genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya. Persoonia 2:241–304.
- Holden EM. (2003). Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK.
- Lincoff GH. (1981). The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-51992-2
- Tulloss RE. (2007). "The genus Amanita Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi)"(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (website).
- Yang ZL, Weiss M & Oberwinkler F. (2004) New species of Amanita from the eastern Himalaya and adjacent regions(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
外部連結
- The Genus Amanita - AmericanMushrooms.com.
- Rodham E. Tuloss and Zhu-liang Yang's Amanita site(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – Comprehensive listing of the nearly 600 named Amanita species with photos and/or technical details on over 510 species.
- "The genus Amanita"(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, March 2005.