霍米·巴巴
霍米·K·巴巴 Homi K. Bhabha | |
---|---|
出生 | 印度自治领孟買邦孟买(今印度马哈拉施特拉邦孟买) | 1949年11月1日
配偶 | 杰奎琳·巴巴 |
儿女 | 二子:Ishan、Satya,一女:Leah |
學術背景 | |
母校 | 孟买圣玛丽学校 孟買大學 牛津大学基督堂学院 |
學術工作 | |
学派或传统 | 后殖民主义 後結構主義 |
研究機構 | 萨塞克斯大学 普林斯顿大学 哈佛大学 |
主要領域 | 思想史、文學 |
著名思想 | 作为被压迫者反抗压迫者的一种策略的混杂性(hybridity)、作为殖民服从策略的模拟(mimicry)、第三空间、后殖民时期“阐释”的现在[1] |
霍米·K·巴巴(英語:Homi Kharshedji Bhabha;1949年11月1日—)是印度裔英国学者和批判理论家。他是哈佛大学Anne F. Rothenberg人文学科教授,是当代后殖民研究代表人物之一,在该领域提出了许多关键术语和概念,例如混杂性(hybridity)、模拟(mimicry)、差异(difference)和矛盾状态(ambivalence)。[2]在巴巴的理论中,这些术语描述了被殖民者反抗殖民者权力的方式。2012年,他获得印度政府颁发的文学和教育领域的莲花装勋章奖。[3]他与律师兼哈佛大学讲师杰奎琳·巴巴结婚,育有三个孩子。[4]
理论
混杂性
“混杂性”(hybridity)是巴巴的核心思想之一,其借鉴了爱德华·萨义德的著作,用于描述多元文化主义中新文化形式的出现。巴巴并不将殖民主义视为过去的事,而是展示了殖民历史和文化如何不断侵入现在,从而要求我们转变对跨文化关系的理解。他对殖民文本应用了後結構主義方法论,改变了对殖民主义的研究。[5][6]
矛盾状态
矛盾状态(ambivalence)这一概念认为文化由对立的观念和维度组成。巴巴称,这种矛盾状态——被殖民的他者的身份分裂的二元性——使得固有文化身份和殖民者文化身份的混杂体成为可能。矛盾状态是殖民权力出现迟滞特征的原因之一。权威的殖民能指只有在“殖民地差异、文化或种族的创伤性场景,使权力之眼回归到一些先前的古老形象或身份”之后,才获得它们的意义。“然而,矛盾的是,这样的图像既不能是‘原始的’——因为构建它的重复行为——也不能是相同的——因为定义其自身的差异。”[7]因此,殖民的在场仍然是处于矛盾状态的,在其原始和权威的外观与重复和差异的表达之间产生分裂。[7]这打开了殖民话语的两个维度:以发明和掌握为特征的维度,以及以取代和幻想为特征的维度。
文化差异、阐释和刻板印象
巴巴将文化差异(cultural difference)视为文化多样性(cultural diversity)的替代方案。在文化多样性中,文化是“经验知识的对象”,先于认识者而存在,而文化差异则将文化视为两种或多种文化相遇的地方,也是大多数问题发生的地方,是推论建构的,而不是预先存在的,给定一个“将文化阐释为‘知识渊博’的过程”。[7]阐释(enunciation)是发生在第三空间(见下文)中的一种文化的表述、表达行为。由于文化从来不是预先给定的,所以它必须被说出来。文化差异是通过表达来发现和认识的。阐释过程通过在政治当下的新文化、意义、战略的表达,作为统治或抵抗的实践,在稳定参考系中的传统与对文化信念的否定之间产生了鸿沟。[7]
因此,文化差异是一个认同的过程,而文化多样性是一个比较和分类的过程。此外,正是这种差异和表达的可能性,可以将皮肤/文化的能指从种族类型学的禁锢中解放出来;然而,刻板印象(stereotype)阻碍了“种族”能指的流通和表达。殖民和后殖民话语的一个重要方面,是它们在建构他者时对“固定性”概念的依赖。固定意味着重复、僵硬和不变的秩序以及无序。刻板印象依赖于这种固定性概念。刻板印象创造了一种“身份”,这种身份既源于支配者的焦虑和捍卫,也源于支配者的掌控和愉悦,“因为它是一种多重、矛盾的信念,它承认差异又否认差异。”[7]
模拟
和巴巴的混杂性的概念类似,模拟是对在场的转喻。殖民社会的成员模仿并接受殖民者的文化时,就会出现模拟。雅各·拉岡称:“模拟的效果是伪装……这不是与背景协调的问题,而是在斑驳的背景下。”[7]殖民模拟来自殖民者对经过改革的、可辨识的、作为差异的主体的他者的渴望,正如巴巴所写:“几乎相同却不完全等同”(almost the same, but not quite)。因此,模拟是双重发声(double articulation)的标志,一种将权力可见化的同时挪用他者的策略。此外,模拟是不适合(inappropriate)的标志,是“一种差异或顽固,它凝聚了殖民权力的主导战略功能,加强了监视,并对‘标准化’知识和纪律权力都构成了迫在眉睫的威胁。”
这样一来,模拟赋予了殖民主体一种部分的在场,仿佛“殖民地”依赖于权威话语本身中自己的表征。[7]讽刺的是,殖民者希望在模拟中——通过书写和重复的过程——在这种部分表征(partial representation)中将自己作为“原真”。另一方面,巴巴没有将模拟解释为对殖民者的自恋认同,即认为被殖民者不再是像殖民者一样有行动能力的人。他认为模拟是一种“双重视野,它在揭示殖民话语的矛盾状态的同时,也打破了其权威。而这种双重视角是由于[他]所说的殖民客体的部分表征/辨识而产生的……它们也是加倍的形象,殖民欲望转喻的部分客体,疏远了那些主导话语的模式和常态,它们在这些话语中作为‘不适合’的殖民主体出现。”[7]
被殖民者的愿望被颠倒了,因为殖民挪用如今产生了殖民者在场的部分视野;来自他者的凝视与来自殖民者的凝视相呼应,它分享了继承的凝视的洞察力,这种凝视解放了边缘化的个体,打破了人的存在的统一,而人本来是借此扩展其主权的。因此,“观察者变成了被观察者,而‘部分’表征重新表达了身份的整个概念,并将其与本质疏远了。”[7]
第三空间
第三空间(Third Space)是一种模糊的区域,当两个或更多的个人、两种或更多的文化相互作用时,就会发展出这种空间(对比城市学家爱德华·索亚的第三空间概念)。它“挑战了我们对文化的历史认同感,即认为它是一种同质化、统一的力量,由原始的过去认证,在人民的民族传统中保持活力。”这个矛盾的话语领域,作为阐释的话语条件的场所,“取代了在同质、连续的时间内书写的西方叙事”。[7]它通过“破坏性的时间性阐释”来实现这一点。巴巴声称“文化陈述和体系是在这种对立和矛盾的阐释空间中建构的”。[7]因此,对文化的内在原始性或纯洁性的等级主张是无效的。阐释意味着文化没有固定性,甚至相同的符号也可以被挪用、翻译、再历史化和重新阅读。
影响
巴巴在后殖民理论方面的工作在很大程度上归功于後結構主義。巴巴所影响的重要人物和理论包括雅克·德里达和解構主義、雅各·拉岡和拉康精神分析学、米歇尔·福柯的话语性概念。[8][9]此外,在1995年接受W. J. T. Mitchell采访时,巴巴表示爱德华·萨义德是对他影响最大的作家。[8]在社会科学领域,爱德华·W·索亚在巴巴的方法基础上,改变了理解空间、行动和表征的概念。
作品
书
- 包括编辑的书
- Nation and Narration, Routledge (1990; ISBN 0415014824)
- "A Good Judge of Character: Men, Metaphors, and the Common Culture" in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison, Pantheon Books (1992; ISBN 9780679741459).
- "In a Spirit of Calm Violence," in After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, ed. Gyan Prakash, Princeton University Press (1994; ISBN 9781400821440).
- The Location of Culture, Routledge (1994; ISBN 0415336392)
- Negotiating Rapture: The Power of Art to Transform Lives, Museum of Contemporary Art (1996; ISBN 9780933856400)
- Forward to Modernity, Culture, and The Jew, eds. Laura Marcus and Bryan Cheyette, Wiley (1998; ISBN 9780745620411).
- "Conversational Art" in Conversations at the Castle: Changing Audiences and Contemporary Art, eds. Mary Jane Jacob and Michael Brenson, The MIT Press (1998; ISBN 9780262100724).
- "Cosmopolitanisms" in Cosmopolitanism, co-ed. with Sheldon I. Pollock, Carol Breckenridge, Arjun Appadurai, and Dipesh Chakrabarty, (originally an issue of Public Culture), Duke University Press (2002; ISBN 9780822328995).
- "On Cultural Choice," 2000.
- "V.S. Naipaul," 2001
- "Democracy De-Realized," 2002.
- "On Writing Rights," 2003.
- "Making Difference: The Legacy of the Culture Wars," Artforum 2003 (4).[10]
- "Adagio," 2004.
- "Still Life," 2004.
- Foreword to The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, transl. Richard Philcox, 2004.
- Edward Said Continuing the Conversation, co-ed. with W. J. T. Mitchell (originally an issue of Critical Inquiry), University of Chicago Press (2004; ISBN 0226532038).
- "Framing Fanon," 2005.
- Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking, with Fereshteh Daftari and Orhan Pamuk, The Museum of Modern Art (2006; ISBN 9780870700859).
- "The Black Savant and the Dark Princess," 2006.
- Our Neighbours, Ourselves: Contemporary Reflections on Survival, Walter de Gruyter (2011; ISBN 9783110262445)
- Anish Kapoor, Flammarion (2011; ISBN 9782080200839)
- Midnight to the Boom: Painting in India After Independence, Peabody Essex Museum (2013; ISBN 9780500238936)
- Matthew Barney: River of Fundament, Okwui Enwezor, Hilton Als, Diedrich Diederichsen, David Walsh, Skira (2014; ISBN 9780847842582)
论文
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Apologies for Poetry: A Study in the Method of Mill and Richards." Journal of the School of Languages [New Delhi] 3.1 (1975): 71–88.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Parthasarathy, R. "Indo-Anglican attitudes." TLS, Times literary supplement 3 (1978): 136.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The Other Question…." Screen (November—December 1983), 24(6), 18–36.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Representation and the colonial text: a critical exploration of some forms of mimeticism." The Theory of reading. Ed. Frank Gloversmith. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1984.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon. Introduction to the English edition of Black skin white mask." Black skin white mask. London: Pluto Press, 1986.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "'What does the Black man want?'." New Formations 1 (1987): 118–130.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche, and the colonial condition." Remaking history. Ed. Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani. Seattle: Bay Press, 1989.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Hybridité, identité et culture contemporaine." Magiciens de la terre. Ed. Jean Hubert Martin. Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou, 1989.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "At the limits." Artforum 27.9 (1989): 11–12.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Imaginings." New statesman & society 2.70 (1989): 45–47.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Articulating the archaic: notes on colonial nonsense." Literary theory today. Ed. Peter Collier and Helga Geyer-Ryan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The other question: difference, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism." Out there: marginalization and contemporary cultures. Ed. Russell. New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Interrogating identity: the postcolonial prerogative." Anatomy of racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation." Nation and narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. London; New York: Routledge, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Novel metropolis." New statesman society 3.88 (1990): 16.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "A question of survival: nations and psychic states." Psychoanalysis and cultural theory: thresholds. Ed. James Donald. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Art and National Identity: A Critics' Symposium." Art in America 79.9 (1991): 80-.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "'Race', time and the revision of modernity." The Oxford Literary Review 13.1-2 (1991): 193–219.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial criticism." Redrawing the boundaries: the transformation of English and American literary studies. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles B. Gunn. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Of mimicry and man: the ambivalence of colonial discourse." Modern literary theory: a reader. Ed. Philip; Waugh Rice, Patricia. 2nd ed. ed. London; New York: E. Arnold, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "A good judge of character: men, metaphors, and the common culture." Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial authority and postmodern guilt." Cultural Studies. Ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Double visions." Artforum 30.5 (1992): 85–59.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Freedom's basis in the indeterminate." October 61 (1992): 46–57.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The world and the home." Social text 10.2-3 (1992): 141–153.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Beyond the pale: art in the age of multicultural translation." Cultural diversity in the arts: art, art policies and the facelift of Europe. Ed. Ria Lavrijsen. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1993.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Culture's in between." Artforum 32.1 (1993): 167–170.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The commitment to theory." Questions of third cinema. Ed. Jim Pines and Paul Willemen. London: BFI Pub., 1994.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Frontlines / borderposts." Displacements: cultural identities in question. Ed. Angelika Bammer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: Indiana University Press, 1994.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche and the colonial condition." Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory: a reader. Ed. R. J. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The enchantment of art." The artist in society: rights, roles, and responsibilities. Ed. Kathy Becker, Carol Acker, and Ann Wiens. Chicago: Chicago New Art Association, New Art Examiner Press, 1995.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Are you a man or a mouse?" Constructing masculinity. Ed. Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, Simon Watson, and Carrie Weems. New York: Routledge, 1995.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Homi Bhabha on the New Black Intellectual." Artforum international 34.2 (1995): 16–17.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." Artforum 33.8 (1995): 19–20.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "[Dialogues with Homi Bhabha, et al.]." The fact of blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual representation. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postmodernism/postcolonialism." Critical terms for art history. Ed. Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unpacking my library ... again." The post-colonial question: common skies, divided horizons. Ed. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti. London; New York: Routledge, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Day by day . . . with Frantz Fanon." The fact of blackness. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Laughing stock." Artforum 35.2 (1996): 15–17.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unsatisfied: notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism." Text and Nation: Cross-Disciplinary Essays on Cultural and National Identities. Ed. Laura Garcia-Moreno and Peter C. Pfeiffer. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1996. 191–207.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "World and the home." Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives. Ed. Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postscript: bombs away in front-line suburbia." Visions of suburbia. Ed. Roger Silverstone. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Designer creations." Artforum 36.4 (1997): 11–14.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "[Reviews of: Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India; and Subaltern Studies, vol. 9, Writings on South Asian History and Society]." TLS. Times Literary Supplement. 4923 (1997): 14–15.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Halfway house." Artforum 35.9 (1997): 11–13.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Queen's English." Artforum 35.7 (1997): 25–27.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Front lines / border posts." Critical inquiry 23.3 (1997).
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." The crisis of criticism. Ed. Maurice Berger. New York: New Press, 1998.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The white stuff." Artforum 36.9 (1998): 21–23.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "On the irremovable strangeness of being different [one of "Four views of ethnicity"]." PMLA 113.1 (1998): 34-39.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Liberalism's sacred cow." Is multiculturalism bad for women? Ed. Susan Moller Okin and Joshua Cohen. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.
- Bhabha, Homi K. (interviewer). "Alter/Native Modernities - Miniaturizing Modernity: Shahzia Sikander in Conversation with Homi K Bhabha." Public culture: bulletin of the Project for Transnational Cultural Studies 11.1 (1999): 146–152.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Afterword: an ironic act of courage." Milton and the imperial vision. Ed. Rajan Balachandra and Elizabeth Sauer. Pittsburgh, Pa: Duquesne University Press, 1999.
- Bhabha, Homi K.; Dudiker, Karsten (trans.). "'Angst' in kultureller Ubersetzung." Heterotopien der Identitat: Literatur in interamerikanischen Kontaktzonen. Ed. Hermann Herlinghaus; Utz Riese. Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1999. 83–97.
访谈
- Koundoura, Maria; Rai, Amit. "Interview: Homi Bhabha." Stanford humanities review 3.1 (1993): 1–6.
- Bennett, David, and Collits, Terry. "Postcolonial critic: Homi Bhabha interviewed by David Bennett and Terry Collits." Literary India: comparative studies in aesthetics, colonialism, and culture. Ed. Patrick Colm Hogan; Lalita Pandit. SUNY series in Hindu studies. Albany: State Univ. of New York, 1995.
- Mitchell, W.J.T. "Translator translated (interview with cultural theorist Homi Bhabha)." Artforum 33.7 (1995): 80–84.
- Hall, Gary; Wortham, Simon. "Rethinking Authority: Interview with Homi K. Bhabha." Angelaki 2.2 (1996): 59–63.
一般批评
- Thompson, Paul. “Between identities: Homi Bhabha interviewed by Paul Thompson.” Migration and identity. Ed. Rina Benmayor, Andor Skotnes. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
- Xie, Shaobo. “Writing on boundaries: Homi Bhabha's recent essays.” ARIEL: A review of International English literature 27.4 (1996): 155–166.
- Leonard, Philip. "Degenerescent Lections: Legal Fictions in Rushdie, Derrida, and Bhabha." New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics 32 (1997): 109–119.
- Easthope, Anthony. "Bhabha, hybridity, and identity." Textual practice 12.2 (1998): 341–348.
- Fludernik, Monika. "The constitution of hybridity: postcolonial interventions." Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 19–53.
- Phillips, Lawrence. "Lost in Space: Siting/Citing the In-Between of Homi Bhabha's The Location of Culture." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 2.2 (1998).
- Perloff, Marjorie. "Cultural liminality / Aesthetic closure?: The interstitial perspective of Homi Bhabha."
- Ray, Sangeeta. “The nation in performance: Bhabha, Mukherjee and Kureishi.” Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 219–238.
参见
参考文献
- ^ Peter Hallward, Absolutely Postcolonial: Writing Between the Singular and the Specific, Manchester University Press, 2001, p. 25.
- ^ Huddart, David. "Homi K. Bhabha", Routledge Critical Thinkers, 2006
- ^ Padma Awards. pib. 27 January 2013 [27 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-24).
- ^ Eakin, Emily. Harvard's Prize Catch, a Delphic Postcolonialist. The New York Times. 17 November 2001 [10 March 2019]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2018-07-07) (美国英语).
- ^ Jim B. Parsons, Kelly J. Harding, 'Post-Colonial Theory and Action Research (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)', in: Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry 2 (2011), nr. 2, p. 1-6.
- ^ Abdennebi Ben Beya. Mimicry, Ambivalence and Hybridity. Postcolonial Studies @ Emory. c. 1998 [20 August 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-30).
- ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 CM2004 Article: Grimstad 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期17 December 2006.
- ^ W. J. T. Mitchell, "Translator translated" (interview with cultural theorist Homi Bhabha) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Artforum v.33, n.7 (March 1995):80-84.
- ^ Making Difference: The Legacy of the Culture Wars. [2023-03-06]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-30).