雷諾傳輸定理

雷諾傳輸定理也稱為萊布尼茲-雷諾傳輸定理或雷諾输运定理，是以積分符號內取微分聞名的萊布尼茲積分的三維推廣。

雷諾傳輸定理得名自奧斯鮑恩·雷諾（1842–1912），用來調整積分量的微分，用來推導連續介質力學的基礎方程。

考慮在時變的區域$\Omega (t)$積分$\mathbf {f} =\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)$，其邊界為$\partial \Omega (t)$，考慮上式對時間的微分：

${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dV}}~.$

若要求上述積分的導數，會有兩個問題，$\mathbf {f}$的時間相依性，及因$\Omega$動態的邊界而增加或減少的空間，雷諾傳輸定理提供了必要的框架。

通用型式

雷諾傳輸定理可表為以下形式是：

${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dV}}=\int _{\Omega (t)}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial t}}~{\text{dV}}+\int _{\partial \Omega (t)}(\mathbf {v} _{b}\cdot \mathbf {n} )\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dA}}~$

其中$\mathbf {n} (\mathbf {x} ,t)$為向外的單位法向量，$\mathbf {x}$為區域中的一點，也是積分變數，${\text{dV}}$ 及${\text{dA}}$是位於$\mathbf {x}$的體積元素及表面元素，$\mathbf {v} _{b}(\mathbf {x} ,t)$為面積元素的速度而非流速。函數$\mathbf {f}$可以是張量、向量或純量函數。注意等式左邊的積分只是時間的函數，所以採用全微分符號。

針對流體塊的形式

在連續介質力學中，此定理常用在沒有物質進來或離開的流體塊或固體中。若$\Omega (t)$為一流體塊，則存在速度函數$\mathbf {v} =\mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)$及邊界元素符合下式

$\mathbf {v} ^{b}\cdot \mathbf {n} =\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {n} .$

上式在替代後，可以得到以下的定理

${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dV}}\right)=\int _{\Omega (t)}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial t}}~{\text{dV}}+\int _{\partial \Omega (t)}(\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {n} )\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dA}}~.$

針對一流體塊的證明

令$\Omega _{0}$為區域$\Omega (t)$的參考組態，令其運動及形變梯度為 $\mathbf {x} ={\boldsymbol {\varphi }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~;\qquad \implies \qquad {\boldsymbol {F}}(\mathbf {X} ,t)={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}_{\circ }{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}~.$ 令$J(\mathbf {X} ,t)=\det[{\boldsymbol {F}}(\mathbf {X} ,t)]$. 則目前組態及參考組態的積分有以下的關係 $\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}=\int _{\Omega _{0}}\mathbf {f} [{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}(\mathbf {X} ,t),t]~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\text{dV}}_{0}=\int _{\Omega _{0}}{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\text{dV}}_{0}~.$ That this derivation is for a material element is implicit in the time constancy of the reference configuration: it is constant in material coordinates. 針對體積積分的微分定義為 ${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right)=\lim _{\Delta t\rightarrow 0}{\cfrac {1}{\Delta t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t+\Delta t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t+\Delta t)~{\text{dV}}-\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right)~.$ 將上式轉換為對參考組態的積分，可得 ${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right)=\lim _{\Delta t\rightarrow 0}{\cfrac {1}{\Delta t}}\left(\int _{\Omega _{0}}{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t+\Delta t)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t+\Delta t)~{\text{dV}}_{0}-\int _{\Omega _{0}}{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\text{dV}}_{0}\right)~.$ 因為$\Omega _{0}$和時間無關，可得 ${\begin{aligned}{\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right)&=\int _{\Omega _{0}}\left[\lim _{\Delta t\rightarrow 0}{\cfrac {{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t+\Delta t)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t+\Delta t)-{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)}{\Delta t}}\right]~{\text{dV}}_{0}\\&=\int _{\Omega _{0}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}[{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)]~{\text{dV}}_{0}\\&=\int _{\Omega _{0}}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}[{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)]~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)+{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}[J(\mathbf {X} ,t)]\right)~{\text{dV}}_{0}\end{aligned}}$ 現在，$\det {\boldsymbol {F}}$的時間導數為 ${\frac {\partial J(\mathbf {X} ,t)}{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(\det {\boldsymbol {F}})=(\det {\boldsymbol {F}})({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} )=J(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} ({\boldsymbol {\varphi }}(\mathbf {X} ,t),t)=J(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~.$ 因此 ${\begin{aligned}{\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right)&=\int _{\Omega _{0}}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}[{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)]~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)+{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)~{\text{dV}}_{0}\\&=\int _{\Omega _{0}}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}[{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)]+{\hat {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)~J(\mathbf {X} ,t)~{\text{dV}}_{0}\\&=\int _{\Omega (t)}\left({\dot {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {x} ,t)+\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)~{\text{dV}}\end{aligned}}$ 其中${\dot {\mathbf {f} }}$為$\mathbf {f}$的材料導數，現在材料導數為 ${\dot {\mathbf {f} }}(\mathbf {x} ,t)={\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}{\partial t}}+[{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)]\cdot \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~.$ 因此 ${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right)=\int _{\Omega (t)}\left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}{\partial t}}+[{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)]\cdot \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)+\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)~{\text{dV}}$ 或者 ${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dV}}\right)=\int _{\Omega (t)}\left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {f} \cdot \mathbf {v} +\mathbf {f} ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {v} \right)~{\text{dV}}~.$ 利用以下的恆等式 ${\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot (\mathbf {v} \otimes \mathbf {w} )=\mathbf {v} ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {w} )+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {w}$ 可得 ${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dV}}\right)=\int _{\Omega (t)}\left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot (\mathbf {f} \otimes \mathbf {v} )\right)~{\text{dV}}~.$ 利用高斯散度定理及恆等式 $(\mathbf {a} \otimes \mathbf {b} )\cdot \mathbf {n} =(\mathbf {b} \cdot \mathbf {n} )\mathbf {a}$，可得 ${{\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\int _{\Omega (t)}\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dV}}\right)=\int _{\Omega (t)}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial t}}~{\text{dV}}+\int _{\partial \Omega (t)}(\mathbf {f} \otimes \mathbf {v} )\cdot \mathbf {n} ~{\text{dA}}=\int _{\Omega (t)}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {f} }{\partial t}}~{\text{dV}}+\int _{\partial \Omega (t)}(\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {n} )\mathbf {f} ~{\text{dA}}\qquad \square }$

錯誤的引用

此定理常被錯誤的引用為只針對物质体积（material volume）的形式，若將只針對物质体积應用於物质体积以外的區域中，就會出現問題。

特別形式

若$\Omega$不隨時間改變，則$\mathbf {v} _{b}=0$，且恆等式化簡為以下的形式

${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\int _{\Omega }f~{\text{dV}}=\int _{\Omega }{\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}~{\text{dV}}~,$

不過若用了不正確的雷諾傳輸定理，無法進行上述的簡化。

在一維下的詮釋及簡化

此定理是積分符號內取微分的高維延伸，有些情形下可以簡化為積分符號內取微分。假設$f$和$y$和$z$無關，且$\Omega (t)$為$y-z$平面的單位方塊，且有$a(t)$及$b(t)$的極限，雷諾傳輸定理會簡化為

${\cfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\int _{a(t)}^{b(t)}f~{\text{dx}}=\int _{a(t)}^{b(t)}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}~{\text{dx}}+{\frac {\partial b(t)}{\partial t}}f(b(t),t)-{\frac {\partial a(t)}{\partial t}}f(a(t),t)~,$

上述是由積分符號內取微分來的表示式，但x及t變數已經對調。

相關條目

• 積分符號內取微分
• 萊布尼茲積分律

參考資料

• L. G. Leal, 2007, Advanced transport phenomena: fluid mechanics and convective transport processes, Cambridge University Press, p. 912.
• O. Reynolds, 1903, Papers on Mechanical and Physical Subjects, Vol. 3, The Sub-Mechanics of the Universe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• J. E. Marsden and A. Tromba, 2003, Vector Calculus, 5th ed., W. H. Freeman .

外部連結

• Osborne Reynolds, Collected Papers on Mechanical and Physical Subjects, in three volumes, published circa 1903, now fully and freely

available in digital format:Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3,

• https://web.archive.org/web/20080327180821/http://www.catea.org/grade/mecheng/mod6/mod6.html#slide1
• http://planetmath.org/reynoldstransporttheorem （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）