跳转到内容

药物分类

维基百科，自由的百科全书
（重定向自药物类别）

药物分类，或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式，这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构、或相同的作用机制（如可与同一生物靶标结合）、或相似的作用模式，或用于治疗相似的疾病。[1][2]

药物可从多种角度进行分类，在主流的药物分类系统中，以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构。例如，贝特类药物（英语：Fibrate）具有相似的化学结构（两亲性羧酸），具有相同的作用机制（PPAR激动剂（英语：PPAR agonist））和相同的作用方式（降低血液中的甘油三酯），均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病（动脉粥样硬化）。[3][4]然而，并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物，并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂，并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。

药物类别通常由原型药物（英语：Prototype drug）定义，原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物，开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较。[5][6] 如抗疟疾药物的原型药物是氯喹，非甾体抗炎药物的原型药物是阿司匹林。[7][8]

按综合系统分类

按化学性质

药物可基于化学性质进行分类，如根据药化学结构分类。基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括：

按作用机制

可基于药理学按作用机制对药物进行分类，作用机制通常依据生物学靶标的种类进行分类。分子作用机制相同的一类药物，可调节特定的生物靶标活性。[21]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型，如对于受体而言，这些活性包括：激动剂、拮抗剂、反向激动剂或调节剂（英语：Selective receptor modulator）。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂和抑制剂。离子通道调节剂包括开放剂和阻滞剂（英语：Channel blocker）。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例：

按作用方式

按作用方式分类是基于生物学的角度出发，并根据药物引起的解剖学或药物引起的功能改变进行分类。基于常用的作用方式定义的药物类别包括：

按临床用途

药物分类还可从医学临床用途角度出发，根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。

合并分类

某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药（Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg，NSAID）就是其中一例。[59]历史上对于抗炎药的定义，除了非甾体抗炎药，还包括皮質類固醇药物即甾体类抗炎药物。在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间，甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流。[60]由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件，非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [59]因此，非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎，与其化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。

按其他系统分类

其他药物分类系统，如基于药物的溶解度和胃肠道渗透性，对药物进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统（英语：Biopharmaceutics Classification System）（Biopharmaceutics Classification System，BCS）。[62]

BCS分类

按生物药剂学分类系统（BCS分类）可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性，分为四类：[62]

按法律法规分类

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ Mahoney A, Evans J. Comparing drug classification systems. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2008: 1039. PMID 18999016. 
  2. ^ World Health espresso Organization. Introduction to drug utilization research (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003: 33. ISBN 978-9241562348. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-05）. 
  3. ^ Grundy, Scott M.; Vega, Gloria L.; Yuan, Zhong; Battisti, Wendy P.; Brady, William E.; Palmisano, Joanne. Effectiveness and tolerability of simvastatin plus fenofibrate for combined hyperlipidemia (The SAFARI trial). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2005, 95 (4): 462–468. PMID 15695129. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.10.012. 
  4. ^ Jiabao Liu; et al. The omega-3 hydroxy fatty acid 7(S)-HDHA is a high-affinity PPARα ligand that regulates brain neuronal morphology.. Science Signaling. 2022, 15 (741): eabo1857. PMID 35857636. doi:10.1126/scisignal.abo1857 可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ Brophy, Kathleen Marion; Scarlett-Ferguson, Heather; Webber, Karen S. Clinical Drug Therapy for Canadian Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010-02-01: 3. ISBN 978-1-60547-517-2. 
  6. ^ Bronwen Jean Bryant; Kathleen Mary Knights. Pharmacology for Health Professionals. Elsevier Australia. 2011: 16. ISBN 978-0-7295-3929-6. 
  7. ^ Chloroquine - MeSH. NCBI. 2018-10-16 [2018-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-17）. 
  8. ^ Aspirin - MeSH. NCBI. 2018-10-16 [2018-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）. 
  9. ^ ATC/DDD Methodology: History. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-14）. 
  10. ^ WHOCC. ATC alterations from 2005-2019. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC). 2019-11-28 [2019-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-27）. 
  11. ^ WHOCC. DDD alterations from 2005-2019. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC). 2018-11-28 [2019-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-02）. 
  12. ^ SNOMED Clinical Terms To Be Added To UMLS Metathesaurus. United States National Library of Medicine. 2006-05-24 [2015-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）. 
  13. ^ FAQs: SNOMED CT in the UMLS. United States National Library of Medicine. 2012-05-22 [2015-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）. 
  14. ^ Balon R, Starcevic V, Silberman E, Cosci F, Dubovsky S, Fava GA, et al. The rise and fall and rise of benzodiazepines: a return of the stigmatized and repressed. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2020-03-09, 42 (3): 243–244. PMC 7236156 可免费查阅. PMID 32159714. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0773. 
  15. ^ Patel S. Plant-derived cardiac glycosides: Role in heart ailments and cancer management. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. December 2016, 84: 1036–1041. PMID 27780131. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.030. 
  16. ^ Steiner G. Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a role for fibrate therapy?. Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research. December 2007, 4 (4): 368–74. PMID 18158710. S2CID 31624928. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2007.067. 
  17. ^ Moss GP, the Working Party of the IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989 (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 1989, 61 (10): 1783–1822 [2023-06-14]. S2CID 97612891. doi:10.1351/pac198961101783. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-11-30）. 
  18. ^ Beyer KH. Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension. September 1993, 22 (3): 388–91. PMID 8349332. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388 可免费查阅. 
  19. ^ Green, Mark W. Overview of Migraine: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Pathophysiology. Diamond, Seymour; Cady, Roger K.; Diamond, Merle L.; Green, Mark W.; Martin, Vincent T. (编). Headache and Migraine Biology and Management. Academic Press. 2015: 44. ISBN 9780128009017. （原始内容存档于2018-05-06） –通过GoogleBooks. 
  20. ^ Holten KB, Onusko EM. Appropriate prescribing of oral beta-lactam antibiotics. American Family Physician. August 2000, 62 (3): 611–20 [2008-11-08]. PMID 10950216. （原始内容存档于2011-06-06）. 
  21. ^ Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A. Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. Oct 2006, 5 (10): 821–34. PMID 17016423. S2CID 8872470. doi:10.1038/nrd2132. 
  22. ^ Wesp LM, Deutsch MB. Hormonal and Surgical Treatment Options for Transgender Women and Transfeminine Spectrum Persons. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2017, 40 (1): 99–111. PMID 28159148. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.006. 
  23. ^ Kaplan's Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia. Elsevier. 2018. ISBN 978-0-323-49798-5. doi:10.1016/c2012-0-06151-0. Mechanisms of Action:ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting one of several proteases responsible for cleaving the decapeptide Ang I to form the octapeptide Ang II. Because ACE is also the enzyme that degrades bradykinin, ACE inhibitors increase circulating and tissue levels of bradykinin (Fig. 8.4). 
  24. ^ Declerck I, Himpens B, Droogmans G, Casteels R. The alpha 1-agonist phenylephrine inhibits voltage-gated Ca2(+)-channels in vascular smooth muscle cells of rabbit ear artery. Pflügers Arch. September 1990, 417 (1): 117–9. PMID 1963492. S2CID 8074029. doi:10.1007/BF00370780. 
  25. ^ Mirabito Colafella, Katrina M.; Uijl, Estrellita; Jan Danser, A.H. Interference With the Renin–Angiotensin System (RAS): Classical Inhibitors and Novel Approaches. Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Elsevier. 2019: 523–530. ISBN 978-0-12-812200-6. S2CID 86384280. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65341-2. 
  26. ^ Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ. June 1999, 318 (7200): 1730–7. PMC 31101 可免费查阅. PMID 10381708. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730. 
  27. ^ Vardanyan, R.S.; Hruby, V.J. Cholinomimetics. Synthesis of Essential Drugs. Elsevier. 2006: 179–193. ISBN 978-0-444-52166-8. doi:10.1016/b978-044452166-8/50013-3. Cholinomimetics or cholinergic drugs are those drugs that cause effects similar to those resulting from introduction of acetylcholine, or simulation of ganglions of the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs imitate action of endogenously released acetylcholine. 
  28. ^ Melinosky C. Parkinson's Disease: Glossary of Terms. WebMD. 2022-11-27 [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-15）. 
  29. ^ Froestl, Wolfgang. An historical perspective on GABAergic drugs. Future Medicinal Chemistry. 2011, 3 (2): 163–175. ISSN 1756-8919. PMID 21428811. doi:10.4155/fmc.10.285. 
  30. ^ Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogs Other Than Exenatide. Medscape Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2008 [2023-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-24）. 
  31. ^ PDB 1CQE; Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM. The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1. Nature. January 1994, 367 (6460): 243–9. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..243P. PMID 8121489. S2CID 4340064. doi:10.1038/367243a0. 
  32. ^ Sachs G, Shin JM, Howden CW. Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. June 2006, 23 (Suppl 2): 2–8. PMID 16700898. S2CID 30413194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x 可免费查阅. 
  33. ^ Renin Inhibitors. CV Pharmacology. [2020-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-14）. 
  34. ^ Biggadike K, Boudjelal M, Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GG, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Needham D, Skone PA, Uings I, Veitch G, Weingarten GG, McLay IM, Macdonald SJ. Nonsteroidal glucocorticoid agonists: tetrahydronaphthalenes with alternative steroidal A-ring mimetics possessing dissociated (transrepression/transactivation) efficacy selectivity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Dec 2007, 50 (26): 6519–34. PMID 18038970. doi:10.1021/jm070778w. 
  35. ^ Young SN. How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. November 2007, 32 (6): 394–399. PMC 2077351 可免费查阅. PMID 18043762. 
  36. ^ Cholesterol Drugs. American Heart Association. [2019-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-12）. 
  37. ^ Fisher, Matthew C.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, Ana; Berman, Judith; Bicanic, Tihana; Bignell, Elaine M.; Bowyer, Paul; Bromley, Michael; Brüggemann, Roger; Garber, Gary; Cornely, Oliver A.; Gurr, Sarah. J.; Harrison, Thomas S.; Kuijper, Ed; Rhodes, Johanna; Sheppard, Donald C. Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2022-03-29, 20 (9): 557–571. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 8962932 可免费查阅. PMID 35352028. doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00720-1 （英语）. 
  38. ^ Antimicrobial. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2009-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-24）. 
  39. ^ 道兰氏医学词典中的Antithrombotics
  40. ^ Venes, Donald. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 2017-01-25. ISBN 9780803659407. 
  41. ^ Alboni, P.; Menozzi, C.; Brignole, M.; Paparella, N.; Gaggioli, G.; Lolli, G.; Cappato, R. Effects of Permanent Pacemaker and Oral Theophylline in Sick Sinus Syndrome: The THEOPACE Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Circulation. 1997, 96 (1): 260–266. PMID 9236443. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.260. 
  42. ^ Robert D. Ficalora. Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review. Oxford University Press. 2013-05-28: 579–. ISBN 978-0-19-998589-0. 
  43. ^ Shah, Shaukat; Khatri, Ibrahim; Freis, Edward D. Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics. American Heart Journal. 1978, 95 (5): 611–618. PMID 637001. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(78)90303-4. 
  44. ^ Inotrope. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-25）. 
  45. ^ Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). 6.1 and 7.1.1 (PDF). Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer. Scotland: National Health Service (NHS). 2008. ISBN 9781905813384. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-12-20）. 
  46. ^ Factsheet for experts. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. [2014-12-21]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-21）. 
  47. ^ Anticarcinogen. Farlex, Inc. [2013-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-14）. 
  48. ^ Overview: Anticoagulant medicines. Health A to Z. NHS. 2021-07-26 [2023-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-13）. 
  49. ^ Jennings L. Chapter 4: Antidepressants. Grossberg GT, Kinsella LJ (编). Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide. Springer. 2018: 45–71. ISBN 978-3-319-74602-9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4. 
  50. ^ Powers AC. Diabetes Mellitus. Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (编). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 18th. McGraw-Hill. 2011. ISBN 978-0071748896. 
  51. ^ Al-Otaibi, Faisal. An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents. Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) (Walter de Gruyter GmbH). 2019-09-01, 69 (3): 321–344. ISSN 1846-9558. PMID 31259739. doi:10.2478/acph-2019-0023 可免费查阅. 
  52. ^ Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX. Pharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 151. ISBN 9780781771559. （原始内容存档于2017-04-01） （英语）. 
  53. ^ Antispasmodic. thefreedictionary.com. [2016-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-12）. 
  54. ^ Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent. Antiviral Res. 2014, 110: 94–103. PMC 7113776 可免费查阅. PMID 25108173. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014 可免费查阅. 
  55. ^ The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine. [2017-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-09）. 
  56. ^ Depressant – Definition. Princeton WordNet. [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. 
  57. ^ Sedatives | Psychology Today. Psychology Today. [2017-11-20] （英语）. 
  58. ^ Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). 1999. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19） （英语）. 
  59. ^ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Buer JK. Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'. Inflammopharmacology. Oct 2014, 22 (5): 263–7 [2015-10-25]. PMID 25064056. doi:10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2. （原始内容存档于2019-06-10）. 
  60. ^ 腎上腺皮質類固醇 Adrenal corticosteroids. 行政院衛生署. 2002-11-27 [2011-06-26]. [永久失效連結]
  61. ^ Buer JK. A history of the term "DMARD". Inflammopharmacology. Aug 2015, 23 (4): 163–71. PMC 4508364 可免费查阅. PMID 26002695. doi:10.1007/s10787-015-0232-5. 
  62. ^ 62.0 62.1 Mehta M. Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS): Development, Implementation, and Growth. Wiley. 2016. ISBN 978-1-118-47661-1. 
  63. ^ 《受管制药物和物质法》. [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-27）. 
  64. ^ Nutt, David J; Leslie A King; Lawrence D Phillips. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet. 2010-11-06, 376 (9752): 1558–1565 [2012-02-08]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283 可免费查阅. PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. （原始内容存档于2018-09-10）. Alcohol, heroin and crack were found to be most harmful, while LSD, Buprenorphine and psilocybin mushrooms were found to be least harmful. 
  65. ^ 21 U.S.C. § 812 – Schedules of controlled substances （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  66. ^ Appendix 4: Pregnancy. British National Formulary 55. March 2008. 

外部链接

  • Drug names and classes. PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-23）. 
  • Information by Drug Class. Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-20）. 
  • Drug Classes. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-02）. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=药物分类&oldid=85362031”