跳转到内容

乳腺生長

维基百科，自由的百科全书
（重定向自乳腺增生）
  提示：此条目页的主题不是乳腺发育。
乳腺生長
Mammoplasia
在妊娠階段乳房會自然增大
分类和外部资源
ICD-10N62
ICD-9-CM611.1
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

乳腺生長（mammoplasia）又稱乳腺增生、乳腺增殖症，是乳房正常或自發的增大[1]。乳腺生長一般會出生在女性的青春期及妊娠階段，在月經週期中特定階段也會有乳房增大的情形[2][3][4]。若是男性乳腺生長，會視為是疾病，稱為男性乳房发育症[4]。若是女性乳腺異常生長的情形，會稱為巨乳症（或是乳房肥大症），也會視為是疾病[5][6][7]。

乳腺生長可能是因為和乳房製造及儲存母乳而產生的暫時性乳房膨脹（英语：breast engorgement）有關，這多半是和哺乳及/或乳溢症（過度或是不正常的母乳製造）相關[8]。乳腺生長也常伴隨著乳房疼痛[9][10]。

在月經週期中的黃體期，因為高濃度的雌激素及/或孕酮造成的乳房血流量增加及/或月經前水瀦留（英语：Premenstrual water retention），乳房的體積會暫時性的增大，女性會有乳房沉重、腫脹和刺痛的感覺[11][12]。

乳腺生長也可能是許多药物的效果或是副作用，例如雌激素[2][13]、像螺内酯[14]、醋酸环丙孕酮[15]、 比卡鲁胺（英语：bicalutamide）[16][17]及非那斯特莱[18][19]等抗雄激素，生长激素[20][21]以及會提高體內催乳素的藥物，例如D2受體拮抗剂，像是維思通等抗精神病药、甲氧氯普胺及多潘立酮[22][23]，以及像选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRI）及三环类抗抑郁药（TCA）之類的抗抑郁药[23][24][25]。若是使用文拉法辛之類的5-羥色胺和去甲腎上腺素再攝取抑制劑（SNRI），這類的風險會比較小[26]。非典型的抗抑鬱藥米氮平及安非他酮不會提高體內催乳素濃度（安非他酮反而會降低催乳素濃度），因此使用這類藥物就沒有會使乳腺生長的風險[22]。其他和乳腺生長有關的藥物包括D-青霉胺（英语：D-penicillamine）、布西拉明（英语：bucillamine）、neothetazone（英语：neothetazone）、环孢素、英地那韦（英语：indinavir）、大麻及西咪替丁[6][27]。

1997的一個研究發現，在其研究的59名女性中，有23名（39%）發現有出現使用SSRI及和乳腺生長的相關性[26]。研究也發現SSRI和乳溢症之間有相關性[24][28][29][30]。這些副作用可能因為藥物造成的高催乳素血症（英语：hyperprolactinemia），這個效果可能因為抑制催乳素分泌的結節漏斗（英语：tuberoinfundibular）多巴胺致能（英语：Dopaminergic）神經元，因為血清素調節而被抑制的結果[26][28][29]。值得注意的是這些藥物造成的乳腺生長也和體重增加（英语：Weight gain）高度相關（在1997年的研究中，體重增加中的人中有83%也有乳腺生長，而體重沒有增加的人之中，只有30%有乳腺生長）[26]。這些伴隨著SSRI用藥出現的乳腺生長，在停藥後是可以復原的[30]。 SSRI和乳癌風險的增加有關[31]，這個現象符合高催乳素和高乳癌風險有關的事實[32][33]。

若是針對女性青春期誘導（英语：puberty induction）而進行的激素替代療法（HRT）、跨性別女性進行的性别肯定激素治疗（GAHT），或者是荷爾蒙豐胸（英语：Hormonal breast enhancement），都會希望出現乳腺生長的結果[34][35]。

參考資料

  1. ^ Nathanson, Ira T. Present Concepts of Benign Breast Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1946, 235 (15): 548–553. ISSN 0028-4793. doi:10.1056/NEJM194610102351505. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Ismail Jatoi; Manfred Kaufmann. Management of Breast Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. 11 February 2010: 21–. ISBN 978-3-540-69743-5. 
  3. ^ Nagrath Arun; Malhotra Narendra; Seth Shikha. Progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology--3. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 15 December 2012: 393–394. ISBN 978-93-5090-575-3. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Ora Hirsch Pescovitz; Erica A. Eugster. Pediatric Endocrinology: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004: 349–. ISBN 978-0-7817-4059-3. 
  5. ^ Arnold G. Coran; Anthony Caldamone; N. Scott Adzick; Thomas M. Krummel; Jean-Martin Laberge; Robert Shamberger. Pediatric Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. 25 January 2012: 773–. ISBN 0-323-09161-X. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 David J. Dabbs. Breast Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2012: 19–. ISBN 1-4377-0604-5. 
  7. ^ J.P. Lavery; J.S. Sanfilippo. Pediatric and Adolescent Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012: 99–. ISBN 978-1-4612-5064-7. 
  8. ^ G. P. TALWAR; L .M. SRIVASTAVA. TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND HUMAN BIOLOGY. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 1 January 2002: 959–. ISBN 978-81-203-1965-3. 
  9. ^ Christoph Zink. Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Walter de Gruyter. 1 January 1988: 152–. ISBN 978-3-11-085727-6. 
  10. ^ Michael Heinrich Seegenschmiedt; Hans-Bruno Makoski; Klaus-Rüdiger Trott; Luther W. Brady (编). Radiotherapy for Non-Malignant Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. 15 April 2009: 719–. ISBN 978-3-540-68943-0. 
  11. ^ Ruth A. Lawrence; Robert M. Lawrence. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. Elsevier Health Sciences. 26 October 2015: 60 [2017-04-15]. ISBN 978-0-323-35776-0. （原始内容存档于2020-05-11）. The cyclic changes of the adult mammary gland can be associated with the menstrual cycle and the hormonal changes that control that cycle. Estrogens stimulate parenchymal proliferation, with formulation of epithelial sprouts. This hyperplasia continues into the secretory phase of the cycle. Anatomically, when the corpus luteum provides increased amounts of estrogen and progesterone, there is lobular edema, thickening of the epithelial basal membrane, and secretory material in the alveolar lumen. Lymphoid and plasma cells infiltrate the stroma. Clinically, mammary blood flow increases in this luteal phase. This increased flow is experienced by women as fullness, heaviness, and turgescence. The breast may become nodular because of interlobular edema and ductular-acinar growth.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  12. ^ Milligan D, Drife JO, Short RV. Changes in breast volume during normal menstrual cycle and after oral contraceptives (PDF). Br Med J. 1975, 4 (5995): 494–6 [2017-04-15]. PMC 1675650 可免费查阅. PMID 1192144. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5995.494. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-17）. [M]any women report breast changes during the normal menstrual cycle, with a feeling of fullness and a tingling sensation immediately before menstruation.1 Women taking oral contraceptives also seem to experience similar breast symptoms.2 It has been claimed that there are also pronounced changes in breast volume during the normal menstrual cycle, with maximum values occurring in the week before menstruation.3  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  13. ^ Robert Alan Lewis. Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology. CRC Press. 23 March 1998: 470–. ISBN 978-1-56670-223-2. 
  14. ^ Jeffrey K. Aronson. Meyler's Side Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs. Elsevier. 2 March 2009: 255– [2017-04-15]. ISBN 978-0-08-093289-7. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  15. ^ Elizabeth Martin. Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 28 May 2015: 189–. ISBN 978-0-19-968781-7. 
  16. ^ Patrick C. Walsh; Janet Farrar Worthington. Dr. Patrick Walsh's Guide to Surviving Prostate Cancer, Second Edition. Grand Central Publishing. 31 August 2010: 258–. ISBN 978-1-4555-0016-1. 
  17. ^ Harvey B. Simon. The Harvard Medical School Guide to Men's Health: Lessons from the Harvard Men's Health Studies. Simon and Schuster. 3 February 2004: 403–. ISBN 978-0-684-87182-0. 
  18. ^ Jeffrey K. Aronson. Meyler's Side Effects of Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs. Elsevier. 21 February 2009: 155–. ISBN 978-0-08-093292-7. 
  19. ^ Jacqueline Burchum; Laura Rosenthal. Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2 December 2014: 802–. ISBN 978-0-323-34026-7. 
  20. ^ Sat Dharam Kaur. The Complete Natural Medicine Guide to Breast Cancer: A Practical Manual for Understanding, Prevention & Care. R. Rose. 2003: 79. ISBN 978-0-7788-0083-5. 
  21. ^ Souza, Flavio Moutinho; Collett-Solberg, Paulo Ferrez. Adverse effects of growth hormone replacement therapy in children. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. 2011, 55 (8): 559–565. ISSN 0004-2730. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302011000800009. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Torre DL, Falorni A. Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007, 3 (5): 929–51. PMC 2376090 可免费查阅. PMID 18473017. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Madhusoodanan, Subramoniam; Parida, Suprit; Jimenez, Carolina. Hyperprolactinemia associated with psychotropics-a review. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 2010, 25 (4): 281–297. ISSN 0885-6222. doi:10.1002/hup.1116. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Jeffrey A. Lieberman; Allan Tasman. Handbook of Psychiatric Drugs. John Wiley & Sons. 16 May 2006: 75–. ISBN 978-0-470-02821-6. 
  25. ^ Kaufman, K. R.; Podolsky, D.; Greenman, D.; Madraswala, R. Antidepressant-Selective Gynecomastia. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2013, 47 (1): e6–e6. ISSN 1060-0280. doi:10.1345/aph.1R491. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Amsterdam JD, Garcia-España F, Goodman D, Hooper M, Hornig-Rohan M. Breast enlargement during chronic antidepressant therapy. J Affect Disord. 1997, 46 (2): 151–6. PMID 9479619. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00086-4. 
  27. ^ Dancey, Anne; Khan, M.; Dawson, J.; Peart, F. Gigantomastia – a classification and review of the literature. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2008, 61 (5): 493–502. ISSN 1748-6815. PMID 18054304. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.041. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Coker F, Taylor D. Antidepressant-induced hyperprolactinaemia: incidence, mechanisms and management. CNS Drugs. 2010, 24 (7): 563–74. PMID 20527996. doi:10.2165/11533140-000000000-00000. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Mondal, S.; Saha, I.; Das, S.; Ganguly, A.; Das, D.; Tripathi, S. K. A new logical insight and putative mechanism behind fluoxetine-induced amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in a case series. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 2013, 3 (6): 322–334. ISSN 2045-1253. doi:10.1177/2045125313490305. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Benjamin Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's Pocket Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 26 November 2013: 312– [2017-04-15]. ISBN 978-1-4698-5538-7. （原始内容存档于2019-12-17）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  31. ^ Boursi B, Lurie I, Mamtani R, Haynes K, Yang YX. Anti-depressant therapy and cancer risk: A nested case-control study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015, 25: 1147–57. PMID 25934397. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.010. 
  32. ^ Hankinson, S. E.; Willett, W. C.; Michaud, D. S.; Manson, J. E.; Colditz, G. A.; Longcope, C.; Rosner, B.; Speizer, F. E. Plasma Prolactin Levels and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999, 91 (7): 629–634. ISSN 0027-8874. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.7.629. 
  33. ^ Tworoger, S. S. Plasma Prolactin Concentrations and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Cancer Research. 2004, 64 (18): 6814–6819. ISSN 0008-5472. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1870. 
  34. ^ de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM. Introduction and management of puberty in girls. Horm. Res. 2007,. 68 Suppl 5: 80–3. PMID 18174716. doi:10.1159/000110584. 
  35. ^ Hartmann BW, Laml T, Kirchengast S, Albrecht AE, Huber JC. Hormonal breast augmentation: prognostic relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 1998, 12 (2): 123–7. PMID 9610425. doi:10.3109/09513599809024960. 

相關條目

检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=乳腺生長&oldid=76951460”